The Languages of Siberia

• Published in: Language and Linguistics Compass
• Main Author: Vajda, Edward J.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Wiley 2009
• Subjects: Bering Strait; Chukchi; eskimo*; Itelmen; Koryak; Nivkh; Sakhalin; Yakut; Yukaghir; Siberia
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00110.x; https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1749-818X.2008.00110.x; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00110.x/fullpdf

Abstract Although Russian today is the dominant language in virtually every corner of North Asia, Siberia and the Northern Pacific Rim of Asia remain home to over three dozen mutually unintelligible indigenous language varieties. Except for Tuvan, Buryat, and Yakut, most are rapidly losing ground to Russian if not already critically endangered. Several more have already become extinct in the four centuries since the area's incorporation into the Russian state. From an ethnographic perspective, Siberian languages merit attention for their interplay of pastoral and hunter–gatherer influences and also for the fact that Siberia represents the staging ground for prehistoric migrations into the Americas. North Asia contains several autochthonous microfamilies and isolates not found outside this region – the so‐called ‘Paleo‐Asiatic’ (or ‘Paleosiberian’) languages Ket, Yukaghir, Nivkh, and the Chukotko‐Kamchatkan microfamily, which includes Chukchi, Koryak, and Itelmen. Ainu, formerly spoken on Sakhalin and the Kuriles as well as in Hokkaido, and the three varieties of Eskimoan spoken in historic times on the Russian side of Bering Strait, likewise belong to the earlier, non‐food producing layers of ethnolinguistic diversity in North Asia. All of these languages, aside from Eskimoan, are entirely autochthonous to the northern half of Asia. Siberian languages spoken by pastoral groups, on the other hand, belong to families represented more prominently elsewhere. Families, such as Uralic, Turkic, Mongolic, and especially Tungusic (the northern branch of the Tungus‐Manchu family), became dominant in Siberia long before the coming of the Russians. As an extension of pastoral Inner Eurasia, Siberia displays many traits characteristic of a linguistic area: suffixal agglutination, widespread dependent marking typology, a fairly elaborate system of spatial case markers, and the use of case suffixes or postpositions to signal syntactic subordination. There are also notable idiosyncratic features, particularly among the ...