SURVEY FOR KARLOTOXIN PRODUCTION IN 15 SPECIES OF GYMNODINIOID DINOFLAGELLATES (KARENIACEAE, DINOPHYTA) 1

• Published in: Journal of Phycology
• Main Authors: Mooney, Ben D., De Salas, Miguel, Hallegraeff, Gustaaf M., Place, Allen R.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Wiley 2009
• Subjects: Antarc*; Southern Ocean
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00630.x; https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1529-8817.2008.00630.x; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00630.x

Toxin analysis of 15 species of Kareniaceae revealed the presence of karlotoxin, KmTx 2, in only a single species ( Karlodinium veneficum ) but with variable activity in strains from the Swan (Km Swan Tx 2‐1, 2.1 pg · cell −1 and Km Swan Tx 2‐2, 0.53 pg · cell −1 ), Huon (Km Huon Tx 2, 0.86 pg · cell −1 ), and Derwent rivers (<0.001 pg · cell −1 ) in Australia. A newly isolated Southern Ocean species, Karlodinium conicum , contained a novel poorly hemolytic karlotoxin analogue (Km conicum Tx, 2.8 pg · cell −1 ). The hemolytic potency (HD50%) of the Australian karlotoxins were as follows: Km Swan Tx 2‐1 (65.9 ± 4.8 ng) and Km Swan Tx 2‐2 (63.4 ± 3.7 ng), Km Huon Tx 2 (343 ± 4.9 ng), and Km conicum Tx (>4,000 ng). Species from the closely related genera Takayama ( T. helix, T. tasmanica, T. tuberculata ), Karenia ( K. asterichroma, K. brevis, K. mikimotoi, K. papilionacea, K. umbella ), and Karlodinium ( Ka. australe, Ka. antarcticum, Ka. ballantinum, Ka. corrugatum, Ka. decipiens ) were all consistently negative for karlotoxin production. Brevetoxin (PbTx) was only detected in K. brevis , and hemolytic activity was only observed in Ka. veneficum strains.