Linking anti‐predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore
Abstract Ecological theory predicts that the diffuse risk cues generated by wide‐ranging, active predators should induce prey behavioural responses but not major, population‐ or community‐level consequences. We evaluated the non‐consumptive effects ( NCE s) of an active predator, the grey wolf ( Can...
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Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12133 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fele.12133 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ele.12133 |
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crwiley:10.1111/ele.12133 2024-09-30T14:33:31+00:00 Linking anti‐predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore Middleton, Arthur D. Kauffman, Matthew J. McWhirter, Douglas E. Jimenez, Michael D. Cook, Rachel C. Cook, John G. Albeke, Shannon E. Sawyer, Hall White, P. J. Festa‐Bianchet, Marco 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12133 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fele.12133 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ele.12133 en eng Wiley http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor Ecology Letters volume 16, issue 8, page 1023-1030 ISSN 1461-023X 1461-0248 journal-article 2013 crwiley https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12133 2024-09-17T04:45:47Z Abstract Ecological theory predicts that the diffuse risk cues generated by wide‐ranging, active predators should induce prey behavioural responses but not major, population‐ or community‐level consequences. We evaluated the non‐consumptive effects ( NCE s) of an active predator, the grey wolf ( Canis lupus ), by simultaneously tracking wolves and the behaviour, body fat, and pregnancy of elk ( Cervus elaphus ), their primary prey in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. When wolves approached within 1 km, elk increased their rates of movement, displacement and vigilance. Even in high‐risk areas, however, these encounters occurred only once every 9 days. Ultimately, despite 20‐fold variation in the frequency of encounters between wolves and individual elk, the risk of predation was not associated with elk body fat or pregnancy. Our findings suggest that the ecological consequences of actively hunting large carnivores, such as the wolf, are more likely transmitted by consumptive effects on prey survival than NCE s on prey behaviour. Article in Journal/Newspaper Canis lupus Wiley Online Library Ecology Letters 16 8 1023 1030 |
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Wiley Online Library |
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crwiley |
language |
English |
description |
Abstract Ecological theory predicts that the diffuse risk cues generated by wide‐ranging, active predators should induce prey behavioural responses but not major, population‐ or community‐level consequences. We evaluated the non‐consumptive effects ( NCE s) of an active predator, the grey wolf ( Canis lupus ), by simultaneously tracking wolves and the behaviour, body fat, and pregnancy of elk ( Cervus elaphus ), their primary prey in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. When wolves approached within 1 km, elk increased their rates of movement, displacement and vigilance. Even in high‐risk areas, however, these encounters occurred only once every 9 days. Ultimately, despite 20‐fold variation in the frequency of encounters between wolves and individual elk, the risk of predation was not associated with elk body fat or pregnancy. Our findings suggest that the ecological consequences of actively hunting large carnivores, such as the wolf, are more likely transmitted by consumptive effects on prey survival than NCE s on prey behaviour. |
author2 |
Festa‐Bianchet, Marco |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Middleton, Arthur D. Kauffman, Matthew J. McWhirter, Douglas E. Jimenez, Michael D. Cook, Rachel C. Cook, John G. Albeke, Shannon E. Sawyer, Hall White, P. J. |
spellingShingle |
Middleton, Arthur D. Kauffman, Matthew J. McWhirter, Douglas E. Jimenez, Michael D. Cook, Rachel C. Cook, John G. Albeke, Shannon E. Sawyer, Hall White, P. J. Linking anti‐predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore |
author_facet |
Middleton, Arthur D. Kauffman, Matthew J. McWhirter, Douglas E. Jimenez, Michael D. Cook, Rachel C. Cook, John G. Albeke, Shannon E. Sawyer, Hall White, P. J. |
author_sort |
Middleton, Arthur D. |
title |
Linking anti‐predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore |
title_short |
Linking anti‐predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore |
title_full |
Linking anti‐predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore |
title_fullStr |
Linking anti‐predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore |
title_full_unstemmed |
Linking anti‐predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore |
title_sort |
linking anti‐predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12133 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fele.12133 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ele.12133 |
genre |
Canis lupus |
genre_facet |
Canis lupus |
op_source |
Ecology Letters volume 16, issue 8, page 1023-1030 ISSN 1461-023X 1461-0248 |
op_rights |
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12133 |
container_title |
Ecology Letters |
container_volume |
16 |
container_issue |
8 |
container_start_page |
1023 |
op_container_end_page |
1030 |
_version_ |
1811637388116492288 |