Morphological properties of the last primaries, the tail feathers, and the alulae of Accipiter nisus, Columba livia, Falco peregrinus, and Falco tinnunculus
ABSTRACT We investigated the mechanical properties (Young's modulus, bending stiffness, barb separation forces) of the tenth primary of the wings, of the alulae and of the middle tail feathers of Falco peregrinus . For comparison, we also investigated the corresponding feathers in pigeons ( Col...
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crwiley:10.1002/jmor.20317 2024-06-02T08:06:20+00:00 Morphological properties of the last primaries, the tail feathers, and the alulae of Accipiter nisus, Columba livia, Falco peregrinus, and Falco tinnunculus Schmitz, Anke Ponitz, Benjamin Brücker, Christoph Schmitz, Helmut Herweg, Jan Bleckmann, Horst Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20317 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fjmor.20317 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jmor.20317 en eng Wiley http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor Journal of Morphology volume 276, issue 1, page 33-46 ISSN 0362-2525 1097-4687 journal-article 2014 crwiley https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20317 2024-05-03T11:02:06Z ABSTRACT We investigated the mechanical properties (Young's modulus, bending stiffness, barb separation forces) of the tenth primary of the wings, of the alulae and of the middle tail feathers of Falco peregrinus . For comparison, we also investigated the corresponding feathers in pigeons ( Columba livia ), kestrels ( Falco tinnunculus ), and sparrowhawks ( Accipiter nisus ). In all four species, the Young's moduli of the feathers ranged from 5.9 to 8.4 GPa. The feather shafts of F. peregrinus had the largest cross‐sections and the highest specific bending stiffness. When normalized with respect to body mass, the specific bending stiffness of primary number 10 was highest in F. tinnunculus , while that of the alula was highest in A. nisus . In comparison, the specific bending stiffness, measured at the base of the tail feathers and in dorso‐ventral bending direction, was much higher in F. peregrinus than in the other three species. This seems to correlate with the flight styles of the birds: F. tinnunculus hovers and its primaries might therefore withstand large mechanical forces. A. nisus has often to change its flight directions during hunting and perhaps needs its alulae for this maneuvers, and in F. peregrinus , the base of the tail feathers might need a high stiffness during breaking after diving. J. Morphol. 276:33–46, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Article in Journal/Newspaper Falco peregrinus Wiley Online Library The Tail Feathers ENVELOPE(-70.531,-70.531,70.501,70.501) Journal of Morphology 276 1 33 46 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Wiley Online Library |
op_collection_id |
crwiley |
language |
English |
description |
ABSTRACT We investigated the mechanical properties (Young's modulus, bending stiffness, barb separation forces) of the tenth primary of the wings, of the alulae and of the middle tail feathers of Falco peregrinus . For comparison, we also investigated the corresponding feathers in pigeons ( Columba livia ), kestrels ( Falco tinnunculus ), and sparrowhawks ( Accipiter nisus ). In all four species, the Young's moduli of the feathers ranged from 5.9 to 8.4 GPa. The feather shafts of F. peregrinus had the largest cross‐sections and the highest specific bending stiffness. When normalized with respect to body mass, the specific bending stiffness of primary number 10 was highest in F. tinnunculus , while that of the alula was highest in A. nisus . In comparison, the specific bending stiffness, measured at the base of the tail feathers and in dorso‐ventral bending direction, was much higher in F. peregrinus than in the other three species. This seems to correlate with the flight styles of the birds: F. tinnunculus hovers and its primaries might therefore withstand large mechanical forces. A. nisus has often to change its flight directions during hunting and perhaps needs its alulae for this maneuvers, and in F. peregrinus , the base of the tail feathers might need a high stiffness during breaking after diving. J. Morphol. 276:33–46, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
author2 |
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Schmitz, Anke Ponitz, Benjamin Brücker, Christoph Schmitz, Helmut Herweg, Jan Bleckmann, Horst |
spellingShingle |
Schmitz, Anke Ponitz, Benjamin Brücker, Christoph Schmitz, Helmut Herweg, Jan Bleckmann, Horst Morphological properties of the last primaries, the tail feathers, and the alulae of Accipiter nisus, Columba livia, Falco peregrinus, and Falco tinnunculus |
author_facet |
Schmitz, Anke Ponitz, Benjamin Brücker, Christoph Schmitz, Helmut Herweg, Jan Bleckmann, Horst |
author_sort |
Schmitz, Anke |
title |
Morphological properties of the last primaries, the tail feathers, and the alulae of Accipiter nisus, Columba livia, Falco peregrinus, and Falco tinnunculus |
title_short |
Morphological properties of the last primaries, the tail feathers, and the alulae of Accipiter nisus, Columba livia, Falco peregrinus, and Falco tinnunculus |
title_full |
Morphological properties of the last primaries, the tail feathers, and the alulae of Accipiter nisus, Columba livia, Falco peregrinus, and Falco tinnunculus |
title_fullStr |
Morphological properties of the last primaries, the tail feathers, and the alulae of Accipiter nisus, Columba livia, Falco peregrinus, and Falco tinnunculus |
title_full_unstemmed |
Morphological properties of the last primaries, the tail feathers, and the alulae of Accipiter nisus, Columba livia, Falco peregrinus, and Falco tinnunculus |
title_sort |
morphological properties of the last primaries, the tail feathers, and the alulae of accipiter nisus, columba livia, falco peregrinus, and falco tinnunculus |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2014 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20317 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fjmor.20317 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jmor.20317 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-70.531,-70.531,70.501,70.501) |
geographic |
The Tail Feathers |
geographic_facet |
The Tail Feathers |
genre |
Falco peregrinus |
genre_facet |
Falco peregrinus |
op_source |
Journal of Morphology volume 276, issue 1, page 33-46 ISSN 0362-2525 1097-4687 |
op_rights |
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20317 |
container_title |
Journal of Morphology |
container_volume |
276 |
container_issue |
1 |
container_start_page |
33 |
op_container_end_page |
46 |
_version_ |
1800751270310445056 |