Sea-ice topography of the Arctic Ocean in the region 70° W to 25° E
In October 1976 a cooperative experiment was made to survey the sea-ice topography in the European sector of the Arctic Ocean. H. M. submarine Sovereign acquired 4000 km of ice draft data by using an upward-looking sonar, while a Canadian Forces aircraft flew along the submarine’s track and acquired...
| Published in: | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences |
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| Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
The Royal Society
1981
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1981.0157 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsta.1981.0157 |
| Summary: | In October 1976 a cooperative experiment was made to survey the sea-ice topography in the European sector of the Arctic Ocean. H. M. submarine Sovereign acquired 4000 km of ice draft data by using an upward-looking sonar, while a Canadian Forces aircraft flew along the submarine’s track and acquired 2200 km of ice elevation data by using a laser profilometer. The two types of profile were processed in corresponding 100 km section lengths, and the following statistical analyses and comparisons were made: (i) Probability density functions o f ice draft and elevation. Each distribution shows a peak for young ice and for undeformed multi-year ice. At large ice thicknesses the distributions take the analytical form of a negative exponential. The mean drafts enable two distinct geographical ice regimes to be identified. There is an ‘offshore zone’ of very heavy pressure ridging extending up to 400 km from the coasts of Ellesmere Island and of north Greenland, with mean ice draft in the range 5.0 to 7.5 m , while out in the central Arctic Ocean the mean ice draft is lower (3.9—5.1 m) and the characteristics of the ice cover remain homogeneous over a length scale of 1000 km. The transition between the two regimes is abrupt, taking place in less than 25 km. Data from the same part of the central Arctic taken in March 1971 showed a mean ice draft 0.3 m lower, while data from the central Beaufort Sea showed a mean draft more than 0.8 m lower. (ii) Level ice distributions. Ice with a local gradient of less than 1 in 40 was defined as level ice, and used as an indicator of the quantity and thickness distribution of undeformed (i.e. thermodynamically grown) ice in the Arctic Ocean. The distribution has a mode at 3.0—3.1 m draft, and level-ice percentages are in the range 30—40 (bottom side) and 70—80 (top side) in the offshore zone, and 45—55 (bottom) and 85-95 (top) in the central Arctic. Thus about half of the Arctic ice cover consists of deformed ice. (iii) Pressure ridge spacings. The spacings of ridge keels fit a ... |
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