| Summary: | This chapter examines pollination that occurs in different kinds of ecosystems and habitats, along with the implications for plant–pollinator interactions. It begins with a discussion of pollination in deserts and semiarid systems, taking into account habitat characteristics, flora and pollinating fauna, problems with triggering and timing of flowering, problems of highly dispersed flowers, increased reproductive allocation in plants, and issues of energetics, heat overload, and water balance for desert plants and animals. The chapter proceeds by considering pollination in Mediterranean ecosystems, humid tropics, and at high latitude and high altitude. Finally, it describes pollination on islands such as the Galapagos Islands, New Zealand, Hawaii, Madagascar, and Faroe Islands.
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