Description of Toluene Inhibition of Methyl Bromide Biodegradation in Seawater and Isolation of a Marine Toluene Oxidizer That Degrades Methyl Bromide

• Published in: Applied and Environmental Microbiology
• Main Authors: Goodwin, Kelly D., Tokarczyk, Ryszard, Stephens, F. Carol, Saltzman, Eric S.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: American Society for Microbiology 2005
• Subjects: Pacific; North Atlantic
• Online Access: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.7.3495-3503.2005; https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/AEM.71.7.3495-3503.2005

ABSTRACT Methyl bromide (CH 3 Br) and methyl chloride (CH 3 Cl) are important precursors for destruction of stratospheric ozone, and oceanic uptake is an important component of the biogeochemical cycle of these methyl halides. In an effort to identify and characterize the organisms mediating halocarbon biodegradation, we surveyed the effect of potential cometabolic substrates on CH 3 Br biodegradation using a 13 CH 3 Br incubation technique. Toluene (160 to 200 nM) clearly inhibited CH 3 Br and CH 3 Cl degradation in seawater samples from the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Furthermore, a marine bacterium able to co-oxidize CH 3 Br while growing on toluene was isolated from subtropical Western Atlantic seawater. The bacterium, Oxy6, was also able to oxidize o -xylene and the xylene monooxygenase (XMO) pathway intermediate 3-methylcatechol. Patterns of substrate oxidation, lack of acetylene inhibition, and the inability of the toluene 4-monooxygenase (T4MO)-containing bacterium Pseudomonas mendocina KR1 to degrade CH 3 Br ruled out participation of the T4MO pathway in Oxy6. Oxy6 also oxidized a variety of toluene (TOL) pathway intermediates such as benzyl alcohol, benzylaldehyde, benzoate, and catechol, but the inability of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 to degrade CH 3 Br suggested that the TOL pathway might not be responsible for CH 3 Br biodegradation. Molecular phylogenetic analysis identified Oxy6 to be a member of the family Sphingomonadaceae related to species within the Porphyrobacter genus. Although some Sphingomonadaceae can degrade a variety of xenobiotic compounds, this appears to be the first report of CH 3 Br degradation for this class of organism. The widespread inhibitory effect of toluene on natural seawater samples and the metabolic capabilities of Oxy6 indicate a possible link between aromatic hydrocarbon utilization and the biogeochemical cycle of methyl halides.