United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and most of the smaller islands within the British Isles, a total area of . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, and the Irish Sea. The country had an estimated population of people in . The capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom is London, whose wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. The cities of Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, respectively.The lands of the UK have been inhabited continuously since the Neolithic. In AD 43 the Roman conquest of Britain began; the Roman departure was followed by Anglo-Saxon settlement. In 1066, the Normans conquered England. With the end of the Wars of the Roses the English state stabilised and began to grow in power, resulting by the 16th century in the annexation of Wales, the domination of Scotland, and the establishment of the British Empire. Over the course of the 17th century, the role of the British monarchy was reduced, particularly as a result of the English Civil War. In 1707, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 as the Irish Free State, and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 created the present United Kingdom.
The UK became the first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "Pax Britannica" between 1815 and 1914. At its height in the 1920s, the British Empire encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the largest empire in history. However, its involvement in the First World War and the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.}} The UK has three distinct jurisdictions: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved matters. The UK is a developed country and has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). It is a nuclear state, and is ranked fourth globally in military expenditure. The UK has been a permanent member of the UN Security Council since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Council of Europe, G7, OECD, NATO, Five Eyes, AUKUS and CPTPP. British influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of its former colonies, and British culture remains globally influential, particularly in language, literature, music and sport. English is the world's most widely spoken language and the third-most spoken native language. Provided by Wikipedia
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14by Wells, H.; Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; helen.wells@metoffice.gov.uk, Webster, S.; Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom, Ross, A.N.; University of Leeds, Environment, School of Earth and Environment, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, Brown, A.R.; Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, United KingdomGet access
Published 2005
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16by van der Knaap, Inge, Reubens, Jan, Ainslie, Michael, Thomas, Len, Winter, Erwin, Hubert, Jeroen, Martin, Bruce, Slabbekoorn, Hans, Institute Of Biology-Universiteit Leiden, Wageningen Marine Research-WUR, Marine Biology Research Group-UGent, Belgium, Flanders Marine Institute VLIZ, Belgium, JASCO Applied Sciences, Centre For Research Into Ecological And Environmental Modelling-USTAN, United KingdomGet access
Published 2020
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Dataset -
17by National Climatic Data Center/NESDIS/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, Data Support Section/Computational And Information Systems Laboratory/National Center For Atmospheric Research/University Corporation For Atmospheric Research, Earth System Research Laboratory/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, Cooperative Institute For Research In Environmental Sciences/University Of Colorado, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory/OAR/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, National Data Buoy Center/National Weather Service/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, Integrated Science Data Management/Fisheries And Oceans/Canada, Met Office/Ministry Of Defence/United Kingdom, National Centers For Environmental Prediction/National Weather Service/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, Ocean Climate Laboratory/National Oceanographic Data Center/NESDIS/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, TRITON Office/Japan Marine Science And Technology Center/Japan, Center For Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies/Florida State University, Deutscher Wetterdienst German Meteorological Service/Germany, World Meteorological Organization/United Nations, National Oceanography Centre/Southampton/United KingdomGet access
Published 1984
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18by Met Office/Ministry Of Defence/United Kingdom, Department Of Earth/Atmospheric Planetary Sciences/Massachusetts Institute Of Technology, Naval Research Laboratory/Monterey/U.S. Navy/U. S. Department Of Defense, National Weather Service/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, National Centers For Environmental Prediction/National Weather Service/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, National Climatic Data Center/NESDIS/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, Research Data Archive/Computational And Information Systems Laboratory/National Center For Atmospheric Research/University Corporation For Atmospheric ResearchGet access
Published 1979
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19by National Climatic Data Center/NESDIS/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, Met Office/Ministry Of Defence/United Kingdom, Naval Research Laboratory/Monterey/U.S. Navy/U. S. Department Of Defense, Department Of Atmospheric Sciences/University Of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Research Data Archive/Computational And Information Systems Laboratory/National Center For Atmospheric Research/University Corporation For Atmospheric Research, National Centers For Environmental Prediction/National Weather Service/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, National Weather Service/NOAA/U.S. Department Of Commerce, Department Of Earth/Atmospheric Planetary Sciences/Massachusetts Institute Of TechnologyGet access
Published 1979
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20by INTERMAGNET, Altay-Sayan Branch of Geophysical Survey of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Bureau Central de Magnétisme Terrestre, BCMT (France), Beijing Ming Tombs Geomagnetic Observatory Center, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Bogaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (Turkey), British Antarctic Survey (United Kingdom), British Geological Survey (United Kingdom), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (Algeria), Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (Croatia), Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (Chile), École et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (France), Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland), Fundació Observatori de l'Ebre (Spain), Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary), Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Geological Institute of Romania (Romania), Geological Survey of Sweden (Sweden), Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Geophysical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulagaria), Geoscience Australia (Australia), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (Germany), Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Halliburton Sperry Drilling (United States of America), Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (India), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (France), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France), Institut Polaire Français Paul Émile Victor (France), Institute of Cosmophysical Researches and Radio Wave Propagation FEB RAS (Russia), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Institute of Geophysics of the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (Vietnam), Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic (Czech Republic), Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Ukraine), Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), Institute of Geophysics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Science (Russia), Institute of the Ionosphere, National Center of Space Researches and Technologies (Kazakhstan), Instituto Geofísico del Perú (Peru), Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain), Irish Meteorological Service (Ireland), Japan Meteorological Agency (Japan), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany), Korea Meteorological Administration (South Korea), Lanzhou Institute of Seismology of the China Earthquake Administration (China), Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (Germany), National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (Ukraine), National Geophysical Research Institute (India), National Meteorological Service of Argentina (Argentina), National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark (Denmark), Natural Resources of Canada / Geological Survey of Canada (Canada)Get access
Published 2022
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