Indus River
![The [[Indus Gorge]] is formed as the Indus River bends around the [[Nanga Parbat]] massif, shown towering behind, defining the western anchor of the [[Himalaya]]n mountain range.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Nanga_Parbat_Indus_Gorge.jpg)
The river has a total drainage area of circa . Its estimated annual flow is around , making it one of the 50 largest rivers in the world in terms of average annual flow. Its left-bank tributary in Ladakh is the Zanskar River, and its left-bank tributary in the plains is the Panjnad River which is formed by the successive confluences of the five Punjab rivers, namely the Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. Its principal right-bank tributaries are the Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Kurram, and Gomal rivers. Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayan, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush ranges, the river supports the ecosystems of temperate forests, plains, and arid countryside.
The northern part of the Indus Valley, with its tributaries, forms the Punjab region of South Asia, while the lower course of the river ends in a large delta in the southern Sindh province of Pakistan. The river has historically been important to many cultures of the region. The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise of Indus Valley Civilisation, a major urban civilization of the Bronze Age. During the 2nd millennium BC, the Punjab region was mentioned in the Rigveda hymns as ''Sapta Sindhu'' and in the Avesta religious texts as ''Hapta Həndu'' (both terms meaning "seven rivers"). Early historical kingdoms that arose in the Indus Valley include Gandhāra, and the Ror dynasty of Sauvīra. The Indus River came into the knowledge of the Western world early in the classical period, when King Darius of Persia sent his Greek subject Scylax of Caryanda to explore the river, . Provided by Wikipedia
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12by Ramanath Tarekere, Sindhu, Krieger, Lukas, Heidler, Konrad, Floricioiu, DanaGet access
Published in IGARSS 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (2023)
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17by J Megan Steinweg, Sindhu Jagadamma, Joshua Frerichs, Melanie A MayesGet access
Published in PLoS ONE (2013)
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