Planet
![The eight planets of the [[Solar System](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Planet_collage_to_scale.jpg)
The word ''planet'' comes from the Greek () . In antiquity, this word referred to the Sun, Moon, and five points of light visible to the naked eye that moved across the background of the stars—namely, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Planets have historically had religious associations: multiple cultures identified celestial bodies with gods, and these connections with mythology and folklore persist in the schemes for naming newly discovered Solar System bodies. Earth itself was recognized as a planet when heliocentrism supplanted geocentrism during the 16th and 17th centuries.
With the development of the telescope, the meaning of ''planet'' broadened to include objects only visible with assistance: the moons of the planets beyond Earth; the ice giants Uranus and Neptune; Ceres and other bodies later recognized to be part of the asteroid belt; and Pluto, later found to be the largest member of the collection of icy bodies known as the Kuiper belt. The discovery of other large objects in the Kuiper belt, particularly Eris, spurred debate about how exactly to define a planet. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted a definition of a planet in the Solar System, placing the four terrestrial planets and the four giant planets in the planet category; Ceres, Pluto, and Eris are in the category of dwarf planet. Many planetary scientists have nonetheless continued to apply the term ''planet'' more broadly, including dwarf planets as well as rounded satellites like the Moon.
Further advances in astronomy led to the discovery of over five thousand planets outside the Solar System, termed exoplanets. These often show unusual features that the Solar System planets do not show, such as hot Jupiters—giant planets that orbit close to their parent stars, like 51 Pegasi b—and extremely eccentric orbits, such as HD 20782 b. The discovery of brown dwarfs and planets larger than Jupiter also spurred debate on the definition, regarding where exactly to draw the line between a planet and a star. Multiple exoplanets have been found to orbit in the habitable zones of their stars (where liquid water can potentially exist on a planetary surface), but Earth remains the only planet known to support life. Provided by Wikipedia
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2by Cadieux, Sarah B., White, Jeffrey R., Sauer, Peter E., Peng, Yongbo, Goldman, Amy E., Pratt, Lisa M.Contributors: “...NASA Astrobiology Technology for Exploring Planets...”
Published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (2016)
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3by Schmidely, Loïc, Nehrbass-Ahles, Christoph, Schmitt, Jochen, Han, Juhyeong, Silva, Lucas, Shin, Jinwha, Joos, Fortunat, Chappellaz, Jérôme, Fischer, Hubertus, Stocker, ThomasContributors: “...National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS (NCCR PlanetS)...”
Published in Climate of the Past (2021)
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4Contributors: “...NASA Outer Planets Research Program...”
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5Contributors: “...NASA's Astrobiology Technology for Exploring Planets...”
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6by Schmidely, Loïc, Nehrbass-Ahles, Christoph, Schmitt, Jochen, Han, Juhyeong, Silva, Lucas, Shin, Jinwha, Joos, Fortunat, Chappellaz, Jérôme, Fischer, Hubertus, Stocker, ThomasContributors: “...National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS (NCCR PlanetS)...”
Published in Climate of the Past (2021)
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7by Matheus Carnevali, P. B., Rohrssen, M., Williams, M. R., Michaud, A. B., Adams, H., Berisford, D., Love, G. D., Priscu, J. C., Rassuchine, O., Hand, K. P., Murray, A. E.Contributors: “...NASA Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets (ASTEP)...”
Published in Geobiology (2015)
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8Contributors: “...Planets and Comets Department...”
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9Contributors: “...Planets and Comets Department...”
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10Contributors: “...Planets and Comets Department...”
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11Contributors: “...Planets and Comets Department...”
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12by Crouzet, Nicolas, Guillot, Tristan, Agabi, Karim, Fanteï-Caujolle, Yan, Fressin, Francois, Rivet, Jean-Pierre, Bondoux, Erick, Challita, Zalpha, Abe, Lyu, Blazit, Alain, Bonhomme, Serge, Daban, Jean-Baptiste, Gouvret, Carole, Mékarnia, Djamel, Schmider, François-Xavier, Valbousquet, FranckContributors: “...ASTEP (Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets)...”
Published 2009
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13by Crouzet, Nicolas, Guillot, Tristan, Agabi, Karim, Fanteï-Caujolle, Yan, Fressin, Francois, Rivet, Jean-Pierre, Bondoux, Erick, Challita, Zalpha, Abe, Lyu, Blazit, Alain, Bonhomme, Serge, Daban, Jean-Baptiste, Gouvret, Carole, Mékarnia, Djamel, Schmider, François-Xavier, Valbousquet, FranckContributors: “...ASTEP (Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets)...”
Published 2009
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14by Crouzet, Nicolas, Guillot, Tristan, Agabi, Karim, Fanteï-Caujolle, Yan, Fressin, Francois, Rivet, Jean-Pierre, Bondoux, Erick, Challita, Zalpha, Abe, Lyu, Blazit, Alain, Bonhomme, Serge, Daban, Jean-Baptiste, Gouvret, Carole, Mékarnia, Djamel, Schmider, François-Xavier, Valbousquet, FranckContributors: “...ASTEP (Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets)...”
Published 2009
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15by Crouzet, Nicolas, Guillot, Tristan, Agabi, Karim, Fanteï-Caujolle, Yan, Fressin, Francois, Rivet, Jean-Pierre, Bondoux, Erick, Challita, Zalpha, Abe, Lyu, Blazit, Alain, Bonhomme, Serge, Daban, Jean-Baptiste, Gouvret, Carole, Mékarnia, Djamel, Schmider, François-Xavier, Valbousquet, FranckContributors: “...ASTEP (Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets)...”
Published 2009
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16by Crouzet, Nicolas, Guillot, Tristan, Agabi, Karim, Fanteï-Caujolle, Yan, Fressin, Francois, Rivet, Jean-Pierre, Bondoux, Erick, Challita, Zalpha, Abe, Lyu, Blazit, Alain, Bonhomme, Serge, Daban, Jean-Baptiste, Gouvret, Carole, Mékarnia, Djamel, Schmider, François-Xavier, Valbousquet, FranckContributors: “...ASTEP (Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets)...”
Published 2009
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17by Crouzet, Nicolas, Guillot, Tristan, Agabi, Karim, Rivet, Jean-Pierre, Bondoux, Erick, Challita, Zalpha, Fanteï-Caujolle, Yan, Fressin, François, Mékarnia, Djamel, Schmider, François-Xavier, Valbousquet, Franck, Blazit, Alain, Bonhomme, Serge, Abe, Lyu, Daban, Jean-Baptiste, Gouvret, Carole, Fruth, Thomas, Rauer, Heike, Erikson, Anders, Barbieri, Mauro, Aigrain, Suzanne, Pont, FrédéricContributors: “...ASTEP (Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets)...”
Published 2009
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18by André, M., Caballé, A., van Der Schaar, M., Solsona, A., Houégnigan, L., Zaugg, S., Sánchez, M., Castell, J., Solé, M., Vila, F., Djokic, D., Adrián-Martínez, S., Albert, A., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Ardid, M., Aubert, J., Avgitas, T., Baret, B., Barrios-Martí, J., Basa, S., Bertin, V., Biagi, S., Bormuth, R., Bouwhuis, C., Bruijn, R., Brunner, J., Busto, J., Capone, A., Caramete, L., Carr, J., Celli, S., Chiarusi, T., Circella, M., Coleiro, A., Coniglione, R., Costantini, H., Coyle, P., Creusot, A., Deschamps, Anne, de Bonis, G., Distefano, C., Di Palma, I., Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Drouhin, D., Eberl, T., El Bojaddaini, I., Elsässer, D., Enzenhöfer, A., Fehn, K., Felis, I., Fusco, A., Galatà, S., Gay, P., Geisselsöder, S., Geyer, K., Giordano, V., Gleixner, A., Glotin, Hervé, Gracia-Ruiz, R., Graf, K., Hallmann, S., van Haren, H., Heijboer, J., Hello, Y., Hernandez-Rey, J., Hössl, J., Hofestädt, J., Hugon, C., Illuminati, G., James, C., de Jong, M., Jongen, M., Kadler, M., Kalekin, O., Katz, U., Kiessling, D., Kouchner, A., Kreter, M., Kreykenbohm, I., Kulikovskiy, V., Lachaud, C., Lahmann, R., Lefèvre, Dominique, Leonora, E., Loucatos, S., Marcelin, M., Margiotta, A., Marinelli, A., Martínez-Mora, J., Mathieu, A., Melis, K., Michael, T., Migliozzi, P., Moussa, A., Mueller, C., Nezri, E., Păvălaş, G., Pellegrino, C., Perrina, C., Piattelli, P., Popa, V., Pradier, T., Racca, C., Riccobene, G., Roensch, K., Saldaña, M., Samtleben, D., Sanguineti, M., Sapienza, P., Schnabel, J., Schüssler, F., Seitz, T., Sieger, C., Spurio, M., Stolarczyk, Th., Sánchez-Losa, A., Taiuti, M., Trovato, A., Tselengidou, M., Turpin, D., Tönnis, C., Vallage, B., Vallée, Corentin, van Elewyck, V., Vivolo, D., Wagner, S., Wilms, J., Zornoza, J., Zuñiga, J.Contributors: “...ANR-10-LABX-0023,UnivEarthS,Earth - Planets - Universe: observation, modeling, transfer(2010)...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2017)
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19by André, M., Caballé, A., van Der Schaar, M., Solsona, A., Houégnigan, L., Zaugg, S., Sánchez, M., Castell, J., Solé, M., Vila, F., Djokic, D., Adrián-Martínez, S., Albert, A., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Ardid, M., Aubert, J., Avgitas, T., Baret, B., Barrios-Martí, J., Basa, S., Bertin, V., Biagi, S., Bormuth, R., Bouwhuis, C., Bruijn, R., Brunner, J., Busto, J., Capone, A., Caramete, L., Carr, J., Celli, S., Chiarusi, T., Circella, M., Coleiro, A., Coniglione, R., Costantini, H., Coyle, P., Creusot, A., Deschamps, Anne, de Bonis, G., Distefano, C., Di Palma, I., Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Drouhin, D., Eberl, T., El Bojaddaini, I., Elsässer, D., Enzenhöfer, A., Fehn, K., Felis, I., Fusco, A., Galatà, S., Gay, P., Geisselsöder, S., Geyer, K., Giordano, V., Gleixner, A., Glotin, Hervé, Gracia-Ruiz, R., Graf, K., Hallmann, S., van Haren, H., Heijboer, J., Hello, Y., Hernandez-Rey, J., Hössl, J., Hofestädt, J., Hugon, C., Illuminati, G., James, C., de Jong, M., Jongen, M., Kadler, M., Kalekin, O., Katz, U., Kiessling, D., Kouchner, A., Kreter, M., Kreykenbohm, I., Kulikovskiy, V., Lachaud, C., Lahmann, R., Lefèvre, Dominique, Leonora, E., Loucatos, S., Marcelin, M., Margiotta, A., Marinelli, A., Martínez-Mora, J., Mathieu, A., Melis, K., Michael, T., Migliozzi, P., Moussa, A., Mueller, C., Nezri, E., Păvălaş, G., Pellegrino, C., Perrina, C., Piattelli, P., Popa, V., Pradier, T., Racca, C., Riccobene, G., Roensch, K., Saldaña, M., Samtleben, D., Sanguineti, M., Sapienza, P., Schnabel, J., Schüssler, F., Seitz, T., Sieger, C., Spurio, M., Stolarczyk, Th., Sánchez-Losa, A., Taiuti, M., Trovato, A., Tselengidou, M., Turpin, D., Tönnis, C., Vallage, B., Vallée, Corentin, van Elewyck, V., Vivolo, D., Wagner, S., Wilms, J., Zornoza, J., Zuñiga, J.Contributors: “...ANR-10-LABX-0023,UnivEarthS,Earth - Planets - Universe: observation, modeling, transfer(2010)...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2017)
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20by André, M., Caballé, A., van Der Schaar, M., Solsona, A., Houégnigan, L., Zaugg, S., Sánchez, M., Castell, J., Solé, M., Vila, F., Djokic, D., Adrián-Martínez, S., Albert, A., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Ardid, M., Aubert, J., Avgitas, T., Baret, B., Barrios-Martí, J., Basa, S., Bertin, V., Biagi, S., Bormuth, R., Bouwhuis, C., Bruijn, R., Brunner, J., Busto, J., Capone, A., Caramete, L., Carr, J., Celli, S., Chiarusi, T., Circella, M., Coleiro, A., Coniglione, R., Costantini, H., Coyle, P., Creusot, A., Deschamps, Anne, de Bonis, G., Distefano, C., Di Palma, I., Donzaud, C., Dornic, D., Drouhin, D., Eberl, T., El Bojaddaini, I., Elsässer, D., Enzenhöfer, A., Fehn, K., Felis, I., Fusco, A., Galatà, S., Gay, P., Geisselsöder, S., Geyer, K., Giordano, V., Gleixner, A., Glotin, Hervé, Gracia-Ruiz, R., Graf, K., Hallmann, S., van Haren, H., Heijboer, J., Hello, Y., Hernandez-Rey, J., Hössl, J., Hofestädt, J., Hugon, C., Illuminati, G., James, C., de Jong, M., Jongen, M., Kadler, M., Kalekin, O., Katz, U., Kiessling, D., Kouchner, A., Kreter, M., Kreykenbohm, I., Kulikovskiy, V., Lachaud, C., Lahmann, R., Lefèvre, Dominique, Leonora, E., Loucatos, S., Marcelin, M., Margiotta, A., Marinelli, A., Martínez-Mora, J., Mathieu, A., Melis, K., Michael, T., Migliozzi, P., Moussa, A., Mueller, C., Nezri, E., Păvălaş, G., Pellegrino, C., Perrina, C., Piattelli, P., Popa, V., Pradier, T., Racca, C., Riccobene, G., Roensch, K., Saldaña, M., Samtleben, D., Sanguineti, M., Sapienza, P., Schnabel, J., Schüssler, F., Seitz, T., Sieger, C., Spurio, M., Stolarczyk, Th., Sánchez-Losa, A., Taiuti, M., Trovato, A., Tselengidou, M., Turpin, D., Tönnis, C., Vallage, B., Vallée, Corentin, van Elewyck, V., Vivolo, D., Wagner, S., Wilms, J., Zornoza, J., Zuñiga, J.Contributors: “...ANR-10-LABX-0023,UnivEarthS,Earth - Planets - Universe: observation, modeling, transfer(2010)...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2017)
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