Photon
![1926 [[Gilbert N. Lewis](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/1926_Gilbert_N._Lewis_letter_which_brought_the_word_%22photon%22_into_common_usage.jpg)
As with other elementary particles, photons are best explained by quantum mechanics and exhibit wave–particle duality, their behavior featuring properties of both waves and particles. The modern photon concept originated during the first two decades of the 20th century with the work of Albert Einstein, who built upon the research of Max Planck. While Planck was trying to explain how matter and electromagnetic radiation could be in thermal equilibrium with one another, he proposed that the energy stored within a material object should be regarded as composed of an integer number of discrete, equal-sized parts. To explain the photoelectric effect, Einstein introduced the idea that light itself is made of discrete units of energy. In 1926, Gilbert N. Lewis popularized the term ''photon'' for these energy units. Subsequently, many other experiments validated Einstein's approach.
In the Standard Model of particle physics, photons and other elementary particles are described as a necessary consequence of physical laws having a certain symmetry at every point in spacetime. The intrinsic properties of particles, such as charge, mass, and spin, are determined by gauge symmetry. The photon concept has led to momentous advances in experimental and theoretical physics, including lasers, Bose–Einstein condensation, quantum field theory, and the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. It has been applied to photochemistry, high-resolution microscopy, and measurements of molecular distances. Moreover, photons have been studied as elements of quantum computers, and for applications in optical imaging and optical communication such as quantum cryptography. Provided by Wikipedia
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4by David, Bruno, Stock, Stuart R., De Carlo, Francesco, Hétérier, Vincent, De Ridder, ChantalContributors: “...Advanced Photon Source ANL (APS)...”
Published in Marine Biology (2009)
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5by David, Bruno, Stock, Stuart R., de Carlo, Francesco, Hétérier, Vincent, de Ridder, ChantalContributors: “...Advanced Photon Source ANL (APS)...”
Published in Marine Biology (2009)
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6by David, Bruno, Stock, Stuart R., de Carlo, Francesco, Hétérier, Vincent, de Ridder, ChantalContributors: “...Advanced Photon Source ANL (APS)...”
Published in Marine Biology (2009)
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7by David, Bruno, Stock, Stuart R., de Carlo, Francesco, Hétérier, Vincent, de Ridder, ChantalContributors: “...Advanced Photon Source ANL (APS)...”
Published in Marine Biology (2009)
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8by David, Bruno, Stock, Stuart R., De Carlo, Francesco, Hétérier, Vincent, De Ridder, ChantalContributors: “...Advanced Photon Source ANL (APS)...”
Published in Marine Biology (2009)
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9by Longo, Amelia F., Feng, Yan, Lai, Barry, Landing, William M., Shelley, Rachel U., Nenes, Athanasios, Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos, Violaki, Kalliopi, Ingall, Ellery D.Contributors: “...Advanced Photon Source ANL (APS)...”
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2016)
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10by Longo, Amelia F., Feng, Yan, Lai, Barry, Landing, William M., Shelley, Rachel U., Nenes, Athanasios, Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos, Violaki, Kalliopi, Ingall, Ellery D.Contributors: “...Advanced Photon Source ANL (APS)...”
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2016)
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11by Longo, Amelia F., Feng, Yan, Lai, Barry, Landing, William M., Shelley, Rachel U., Nenes, Athanasios, Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos, Violaki, Kalliopi, Ingall, Ellery D.Contributors: “...Advanced Photon Source ANL (APS)...”
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2016)
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Article in Journal/Newspaper -
12by Longo, Amelia F., Feng, Yan, Lai, Barry, Landing, William M., Shelley, Rachel U., Nenes, Athanasios, Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos, Violaki, Kalliopi, Ingall, Ellery D.Contributors: “...Advanced Photon Source ANL (APS)...”
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2016)
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Article in Journal/Newspaper