Philip Hammond
![Official portrait, 2017](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Official_portrait_of_Mr_Philip_Hammond_crop_2.jpg)
Born in Epping, Essex, Hammond studied Philosophy, politics and economics at University College, Oxford. He worked from 1984 as a company director at Castlemead Ltd – a healthcare and nursing company. From 1995 to 1997, he acted as an adviser to the government of Malawi before his election to Parliament.
Hammond served in the Shadow Cabinets of Michael Howard and David Cameron as Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2005 to 2007 and Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury in 2005 and from 2007 to 2010. After the formation of the Coalition Government in May 2010, he was appointed Secretary of State for Transport and was sworn of the Privy Council. Upon the resignation of Liam Fox over a scandal in October 2011, Hammond was promoted to replace him as Secretary of State for Defence, before being further promoted in July 2014 to become Foreign Secretary.
In July 2016, after Theresa May succeeded Cameron as prime minister, Hammond was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer. As chancellor, Hammond suggested that the government may begin a reduction in austerity measures. In July 2019, he spoke in an interview with Andrew Marr of his plans to tender his resignation to Theresa May should Boris Johnson become the new Leader of the Conservative Party and prime minister, on the grounds that, should he be part of the Johnson Cabinet, collective responsibility would require him to support a no-deal Brexit. With the later selection of Johnson as the next prime minister, he tendered his resignation to May. He had the Conservative whip removed in September 2019 for voting against Johnson's government and subsequently sat as an independent MP, whilst remaining a member of the party. He did not stand for re-election in the 2019 election. Provided by Wikipedia
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2by Guilherme A Bortolotto, Len Thomas, Philip Hammond, Alexandre N ZerbiniGet access
Published in PLOS ONE (2021)
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3by Guilherme A. Bortolotto (3220005), Len Thomas (511985), Philip Hammond (2025691), Alexandre N. Zerbini (3166140)Get access
Published 2021
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4by Guilherme A. Bortolotto (3220005), Len Thomas (511985), Philip Hammond (2025691), Alexandre N. Zerbini (3166140)Get access
Published 2021
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5by Guilherme A. Bortolotto (3220005), Len Thomas (511985), Philip Hammond (2025691), Alexandre N. Zerbini (3166140)Get access
Published 2021
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8by Guilherme A. Bortolotto (3220005), Len Thomas (511985), Philip Hammond (2025691), Alexandre N. Zerbini (3166140)Get access
Published 2021
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9by Guilherme A. Bortolotto (3220005), Len Thomas (511985), Philip Hammond (2025691), Alexandre N. Zerbini (3166140)Get access
Published 2021
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10by Lucy Houghton, Nadya Ramirez-Martinez, Bjarni Mikkelsen, Gísli Víkingsson, Thorvaldur Gunnlaugsson, Nils Øien, Philip HammondGet access
Published in NAMMCO Scientific Publications (2020)
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