Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali (; born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer and activist. Nicknamed "the Greatest", he is regarded as one of the most significant sports figures of the 20th century and is often regarded as the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time. He held the ''Ring'' magazine heavyweight title from 1964 to 1970. He was the undisputed champion from 1974 to 1978 and the WBA and ''Ring'' heavyweight champion from 1978 to 1979. In 1999, he was named Sportsman of the Century by ''Sports Illustrated'' and the Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC.Born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, he began training as an amateur boxer at age 12. At 18, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics and turned professional later that year. He converted to Islam after 1961. He won the world heavyweight championship, defeating Sonny Liston in a major upset on February 25, 1964, at age 22. During that year, he denounced his birth name as a "slave name" and formally changed his name to Muhammad Ali. In 1967, Ali refused to be drafted into the military, owing to his religious beliefs and ethical opposition to the Vietnam War, and was found guilty of draft evasion and stripped of his boxing titles. He stayed out of prison while appealing the decision to the Supreme Court, where his conviction was overturned in 1971. He did not fight for nearly four years and lost a period of peak performance as an athlete. Ali's actions as a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War made him an icon for the larger counterculture of the 1960s generation, and he was a very high-profile figure of racial pride for African Americans during the civil rights movement and throughout his career. As a Muslim, Ali was initially affiliated with Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam (NOI). He later disavowed the NOI, adhering to Sunni Islam.
He fought in several historic boxing matches, including his highly publicized fights with Sonny Liston, Joe Frazier (including the Fight of the Century, the biggest boxing event up until then), the Thrilla in Manila, and his fight with George Foreman in The Rumble in the Jungle. Ali thrived in the spotlight at a time when many boxers let their managers do the talking, and he became renowned for his provocative and outlandish persona. He was famous for trash-talking, often free-styled with rhyme schemes and spoken word poetry, and has been recognized as a pioneer in hip hop. He often predicted in which round he would knock out his opponent. As a boxer, Ali was known for his unorthodox movement, fancy footwork, head movement, and rope-a-dope technique, among others.
Outside boxing, Ali attained success as a spoken word artist, releasing two studio albums: ''I Am the Greatest!'' (1963) and ''The Adventures of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooth Decay'' (1976). Both albums received Grammy Award nominations. He also featured as an actor and writer, releasing two autobiographies. Ali retired from boxing in 1981 and focused on religion, philanthropy, and activism. In 1984, he made public his diagnosis of Parkinson's syndrome, which some reports attributed to boxing-related injuries, though he and his specialist physicians disputed this. He remained an active public figure globally, but in his later years made fewer public appearances as his condition worsened, and he was cared for by his family. Provided by Wikipedia
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1by Qazi Syed Muhammad Ali, Mustafa Ashiq HusainGet access
Published in Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2021)
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2by Aiman Sajjad, Farhat Jabeen, Muhammad Ali, Saba ZafarGet access
Published in Journal of King Saud University - Science (2023)
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3by Tourani, Mahdieh, Dupont, Pierre, Nawaz, Muhammad Ali, Bischof, RichardGet access
Published in Ecology (2020)
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4by Muhammad Zubair Yousaf, Adeena Siddique, Usman Ali Ashfaq, Muhammad AliGet access
Published in Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine (2018)
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5by Siddiqui, Muhammad Ali, Bottelli, Alejandro Horacio, Brave, Fernando Luis, Ahmadi, MashidGet access
Published 1988
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6by Hammed, Khalid, Alassad, Samer, Ud Din, Jaffar, Nawaz, Muhammad Ali, Rossi, LucaGet access
Published in Parasites & Vectors (2016)
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7by Tianying Lan, Gill, Stephanie, Bellemain, Eva, Bischof, Richard, Nawaz, Muhammad Ali, Lindqvist, CharlotteGet access
Published 2017
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8by Tianying Lan, Gill, Stephanie, Bellemain, Eva, Bischof, Richard, Nawaz, Muhammad Ali, Lindqvist, CharlotteGet access
Published 2017
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9by Tianying Lan, Gill, Stephanie, Bellemain, Eva, Bischof, Richard, Nawaz, Muhammad Ali, Lindqvist, CharlotteGet access
Published 2017
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10by Tianying Lan, Stephanie Gill, Eva Bellemain, Richard Bischof, Muhammad Ali Nawaz, Charlotte LindqvistGet access
Published 2017
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11by Tianying Lan, Stephanie Gill, Eva Bellemain, Richard Bischof, Muhammad Ali Nawaz, Charlotte LindqvistGet access
Published 2017
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12by Tianying Lan, Stephanie Gill, Eva Bellemain, Richard Bischof, Muhammad Ali Nawaz, Charlotte LindqvistGet access
Published 2017
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13by Tianying Lan, Stephanie Gill, Eva Bellemain, Richard Bischof, Muhammad Ali Nawaz, Charlotte LindqvistGet access
Published 2017
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14by Tianying Lan, Stephanie Gill, Eva Bellemain, Richard Bischof, Muhammad Ali Nawaz, Charlotte LindqvistGet access
Published 2017
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16by Hameed, Khalid, Angelone-Alasaad, Samer, Din, Jaffar Ud, Nawaz, Muhammad Ali, Rossi, LucaGet access
Published in Parasites & Vectors (2016)
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17by Hameed, Khalid, Angelone-Alasaad, Samer, Din, Jaffar Ud, Nawaz, Muhammad Ali, Rossi, LucaGet access
Published in Parasites & Vectors (2016)
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18by Lan, Tianying, Gill, Stephanie, Bellemain, Eva, Bischof, Richard, Nawaz, Muhammad Ali, Lindqvist, CharlotteGet access
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2017)
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19by Muhammad Ali Memon, Muhammad Ali-Ul-Husnain Naqvi, Huang Xin, Liang Meng, Muhammad Waqqas Hasan, Muhammad Haseeb, Shakeel Ahmed Lakho, Kalilixiati Aimulajiang, Yongqian Bu, Lixin Xu, Xiaokai Song, Xiangrui Li, Ruofeng YanGet access
Published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2020)
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