Mixed martial arts
![[[Junior dos Santos]] vs. [[Shane Carwin]], the main event of [[UFC 131]] in [[Vancouver]] in 2011](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/UFC_131_Carwin_vs._JDS.jpg)
In the early 20th century, various inter-stylistic contests took place throughout Japan and in the countries of the East Asia. At the same time, in Brazil, there was a phenomenon called vale tudo, which became known for unrestricted fights between various styles such as judo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, catch wrestling, luta livre, Muay Thai, and capoeira. An early high-profile mixed bout was Kimura vs. Gracie in 1951. In mid-20th century Hong Kong, rooftop street fighting contests between rival martial arts schools gave rise to Bruce Lee's hybrid martial arts style Jeet Kune Do. Another precursor to modern MMA was the 1976 Ali vs. Inoki exhibition bout, fought between boxer Muhammad Ali and wrestler Antonio Inoki in Japan, where it later inspired the foundation of Shooto in 1985, Pancrase in 1993, and the Pride Fighting Championships in 1997.
In the 1990s, the Gracie family brought their Brazilian jiu-jitsu style, first developed in Brazil from the 1920s, to the United States—which culminated in the founding of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) promotion company in 1993. The company held an event with almost no rules, mostly due to the influence of Art Davie and Rorion Gracie attempting to replicate mixed contests that existed in Brazil and Japan. They would later implement a different set of rules (example: eliminating kicking a grounded opponent), which differed from other leagues which were more in favour of realistic, street-like fights. The first documented use of the term ''mixed martial arts'' was in a review of UFC 1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993.
Originally promoted as a competition to find the most effective martial arts for real unarmed combat, competitors from different fighting styles were pitted against one another in contests with relatively few rules. Later, individual fighters incorporated multiple martial arts into their style. MMA promoters were pressured to adopt additional rules to increase competitors' safety, to comply with sport regulations and to broaden mainstream acceptance of the sport. Following these changes, the sport has seen increased popularity with a pay-per-view business that rivals boxing and professional wrestling. Provided by Wikipedia
-
1
-
2by Aladel A, Khatoon F, Khan MI, Alsheweir A, Almutairi MG, Almutairi SO, Almutairi FK, Osmonaliev K, Beg MMAGet access
Published 2022
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
3by E.C. Oliveira, M.M.A. Stefani, A.O. Luquetti, E.F. Vêncio, M.A.R. Moreira, C. Souza, J.M. RezendeGet access
Published in Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical (1993)
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
4by E.C. Oliveira, M.M.A. Stefani, A.O. Luquetti, E.F. Vêncio, M.A.R. Moreira, C. Souza, J.M. RezendeGet access
Published 1993
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
5by Cipro, C.V.Z., Bustamante, P., Taniguchi, S., Silva, J., Petry, M.V., Montone, R.C.Contributors: “...MMA...”
Published in Chemosphere (2019)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
6by Michel, Roberto F.M., Schaefer, Carlos E.G.R., López-Martínez, Jerónimo, Simas, Felipe N.B., Haus, Nick W., Serrano, Enrique, Bockheim, James G.Contributors: “...MMA...”
Published in Geomorphology (2014)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
7by Trevizani, Tailisi Hoppe, Petti, Monica Angelica Varella, Ribeiro, Andreza Portella, Corbisier, Thais Navajas, Figueira, Rubens Cesar LopesContributors: “...MMA...”
Published in Marine Pollution Bulletin (2018)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
8
-
9by Martins, César C., Aguiar, Sabrina Nart, Bícego, Márcia C., Montone, Rosalinda C.Contributors: “...Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA)...”
Published in Marine Pollution Bulletin (2012)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
10by Cypriano-Souza, Ana Lúcia, Engel, Márcia H., Caballero, Susana, Olavarría, Carlos, Flórez-González, Lilián, Capella, Juan, Steel, Debbie, Sremba, Angie, Aguayo, Anelio, Thiele, Deborah, Baker, C. Scott, Bonatto, Sandro L.Contributors: “...Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade/Ministério do Meio Ambiente (ICMBIO/MMA)...”
Published in Marine Mammal Science (2016)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
11by Ferreira, Paulo Alves de Lima, Ribeiro, Andreza Portella, Nascimento, Mylene Giseli do, Martins, Cesar de Castro, Mahiques, Michel Michaelovitch de, Montone, Rosalinda Carmelo, Figueira, Rubens Cesar LopesContributors: “...Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA)...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2013)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
12by Souza, Maria Rosa Dmengeon Pedreiro de, Herrerias, Tatiana, Zaleski, Tania, Forgati, Mariana, Kandalski, Priscila Krebsbach, Machado, Cintia, Silva, Dilza Trevisan, Piechnik, Cláudio Adriano, Moura, Maurício Osvaldo, Donatti, LucéliaContributors: “...Brazilian Ministry of Environment (MMA)...”
Published in Biochimie (2018)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper