Thomas Jefferson
![1800 portrait](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29%28cropped%29.jpg)
Jefferson was born into the Colony of Virginia's planter class, dependent on slave labor. During the American Revolution, Jefferson represented Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and served as the second governor of revolutionary Virginia from 1779 to 1781. In 1785, Congress appointed Jefferson U.S. minister to France, where he served from 1785 to 1789. President Washington then appointed Jefferson the nation's first secretary of state, where he served from 1790 to 1793. During this time, in the early 1790s, Jefferson and political ally James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the nation's First Party System. Jefferson and Federalist John Adams became both personal friends and political rivals. In the 1796 U.S. presidential election between the two, Jefferson came in second, which made him Adams' vice president under the electoral laws of the time. Four years later, in the 1800 presidential election, Jefferson again challenged Adams, and won the presidency. In 1804, Jefferson was reelected overwhelmingly to a second term.
As president, Jefferson assertively defended the nation's shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies, promoted a western expansionist policy with the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the nation's geographic size, and was able to reduce military forces and expenditures following successful negotiations with France. In his second presidential term, Jefferson was beset by difficulties at home, including the trial of his former vice president Aaron Burr. In 1807, Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act to defend the nation's industries from British threats to U.S. shipping, limiting foreign trade and stimulating the birth of the American manufacturing industry. Presidential scholars and historians praise Jefferson's public achievements, including his advocacy of religious freedom and tolerance, his peaceful acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France, and his leadership in supporting the Lewis and Clark Expedition; acknowledging the fact of his lifelong ownership of large numbers of slaves, they give differing interpretations of his views on and relationship with slavery.
Jefferson is ranked by both scholars and in public opinion among the upper tier of American presidents. Provided by Wikipedia
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4by Cotter, Mark P., Maldini, Daniela, Jefferson, Thomas A.Get access
Published in Marine Mammal Science (2011)
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6by Ampela, Kristen, Jefferson, Thomas A., Smultea, Mari A.Get access
Published in The Journal of Wildlife Management (2021)
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10by Jefferson, Thomas A., Smultea, Mari A., Courbis, Sarah S., Campbell, Gregory S.Get access
Published in Canadian Journal of Zoology (2016)
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12by Jefferson, Thomas A., Smultea, Mari A., Ward, Eric J., Berejikian, BarryGet access
Published in PLOS ONE (2021)
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13by Whitt, Amy Danae, Jefferson, Thomas A., Blanco, Miriam, Fertl, Dagmar, Rees, DeannaGet access
Published in Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals (2014)
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14by Fulling, Gregory L., Jefferson, Thomas A., Fertl, Dagmar, Salinas Vega, Juan Carlos, Oedekoven, Cornelia S., Kuczaj, Stan A., IIGet access
Published in Aquatic Mammals (2017)
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15by Fulling, Gregory L., Jefferson, Thomas A., Fertl, Dagmar, Salinas Vega, Juan Carlos, Oedekoven, Cornelia Sabrina, Kuczaj II, Stan A.Get access
Published in Aquatic Mammals (2017)
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16by Fulling, Gregory L., Jefferson, Thomas A., Fertl, Dagmar, Salinas Vega, Juan Carlos, Oedekoven, Cornelia Sabrina, Kuczaj II, Stan A.Get access
Published in Aquatic Mammals (2017)
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17by McGowen, Michael, Long, Vu, Potter, Charles, Truong, Anh Tho, Jefferson, Thomas, Kuit, Sui Hyang, Abdel-Raheem, Salma, Hines, EllenGet access
Published 2021
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18by McGowen, Michael, Long, Vu, Potter, Charles, Truong, Anh Tho, Jefferson, Thomas, Kuit, Sui Hyang, Abdel-Raheem, Salma, Hines, EllenGet access
Published 2021
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19by McGowen, Michael, Long, Vu, Potter, Charles, Truong, Anh Tho, Jefferson, Thomas, Kuit, Sui Hyang, Abdel-Raheem, Salma, Hines, EllenGet access
Published 2021
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20by Morin, Phillip, McCarthy, Morgan L., Fung, Charissa W., Durban, John, Parsons, Kim, Perrin, Bill, Taylor, Barbara L., Jefferson, Thomas A., Archer, EricGet access
Published 2024
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