Ice core
![alt=An ice core being slid out of a drill barrel sideways](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Icecore_4.jpg)
The physical properties of the ice and of material trapped in it can be used to reconstruct the climate over the age range of the core. The proportions of different oxygen and hydrogen isotopes provide information about ancient temperatures, and the air trapped in tiny bubbles can be analysed to determine the level of atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide. Since heat flow in a large ice sheet is very slow, the borehole temperature is another indicator of temperature in the past. These data can be combined to find the climate model that best fits all the available data.
Impurities in ice cores may depend on location. Coastal areas are more likely to include material of marine origin, such as sea salt ions. Greenland ice cores contain layers of wind-blown dust that correlate with cold, dry periods in the past, when cold deserts were scoured by wind. Radioactive elements, either of natural origin or created by nuclear testing, can be used to date the layers of ice. Some volcanic events that were sufficiently powerful to send material around the globe have left a signature in many different cores that can be used to synchronise their time scales.
Ice cores have been studied since the early 20th century, and several cores were drilled as a result of the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958). Depths of over 400 m were reached, a record which was extended in the 1960s to 2164 m at Byrd Station in Antarctica. Soviet ice drilling projects in Antarctica include decades of work at Vostok Station, with the deepest core reaching 3769 m. Numerous other deep cores in the Antarctic have been completed over the years, including the West Antarctic Ice Sheet project, and cores managed by the British Antarctic Survey and the International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition. In Greenland, a sequence of collaborative projects began in the 1970s with the Greenland Ice Sheet Project; there have been multiple follow-up projects, with the most recent, the East Greenland Ice-Core Project, originally expected to complete a deep core in east Greenland in 2020 but since postponed. Provided by Wikipedia
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2by Lefebre, F., Gallee, H., van Ypersele de Strihou, Jean-Pascal, Huybrechts, P., International Symposium on Ice Cores and ClimateGet access
Published in Annals of Glaciology (2002)
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3by Lefebre, F., Gallee, H., van Ypersele de Strihou, Jean-Pascal, Huybrechts, P., International Symposium on Ice Cores and ClimateGet access
Published in Annals of Glaciology (2002)
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4by Nerilie J Abram, Eric W Wolff, See Profile, Available Nerilie, J Abram, F Tas, Sea Ice, Ice Cores, Sea SaltGet access
Published 2013
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5by Nerilie J Abram, Eric W Wolff, See Profile, Available Nerilie, J Abram, F Tas, Sea Ice, Ice Cores, Sea SaltGet access
Published 2013
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7by P. Toropov A., A. Shestakova A., J. Yarynich I., S. Kutuzov S., П. Торопов А., А. Шестакова А., Ю. Ярынич И., С. Кутузов С.Contributors: “...–05–00176). The ice cores’s data was analyzed and interpreted in the framework of Megagrant № 075–15...”
Published in Global and Planetary Change (2023)
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8by Santibanez-Avila, Pamela AlejandraContributors: “... to measure prokaryotic records in ice cores: an example from the Wais Divide drilling site' submitted...”
Published 2016
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