Arctic Ocean
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The Arctic Ocean includes the North Pole region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere and extends south to about 60°N. The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by Eurasia and North America, and the borders follow topographic features: the Bering Strait on the Pacific side and the Greenland Scotland Ridge on the Atlantic side. It is mostly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years, showing a continuous decline in sea ice extent. In September 2012, the Arctic ice extent reached a new record minimum. Compared to the average extent (1979–2000), the sea ice had diminished by 49%. Provided by Wikipedia
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5by Lee, Craig M., Thomson, Jim, The Marginal Ice Zone Team, The Arctic Sea State TeamGet access
Published 2017
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6by Qu, Weizheng, Huang, Fei, Zhao, Jinping, Du, Ling, Cao, YongContributors: “...The National Science Foundation of China: Arctic sea ice and the coupling of the upper ocean...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2021)
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7by Jacobs, J., Mikhalsky, E., Henjes-Kunst, F., Läufer, A., Thomas, R.J., Elburg, M.A., Wang, C.-C., Estrada, S., Skublov, S.Contributors: “...Priority Program SPP 1158 “Antarctic Research with Comparable Investigations in Arctic Sea Ice...”
Published in Precambrian Research (2020)
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