Planck (spacecraft)
''Planck'' was a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013. It was an ambitious project that aimed to map the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infrared frequencies, with high sensitivity and angular resolution. The mission was highly successful and substantially improved upon observations made by the NASA Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP).The Planck observatory was a major source of information relevant to several cosmological and astrophysical issues. One of its key objectives was to test theories of the early Universe and the origin of cosmic structure. The mission provided significant insights into the composition and evolution of the Universe, shedding light on the fundamental physics that governs the cosmos.
Planck was initially called COBRAS/SAMBA, which stands for the Cosmic Background Radiation Anisotropy Satellite/Satellite for Measurement of Background Anisotropies. The project started in 1996, and it was later renamed in honor of the German physicist Max Planck (1858–1947), who is widely regarded as the originator of quantum theory by deriving the formula for black-body radiation.
Built at the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center by Thales Alenia Space, Planck was created as a medium-sized mission for ESA's Horizon 2000 long-term scientific program. The observatory was launched in May 2009 and reached the Earth/Sun L2 point by July 2009. By February 2010, it had successfully started a second all-sky survey.
On 21 March 2013, the Planck team released its first all-sky map of the cosmic microwave background. The map was of exceptional quality and allowed researchers to measure temperature variations in the CMB with unprecedented accuracy. In February 2015, an expanded release was published, which included polarization data. The final papers by the Planck team were released in July 2018, marking the end of the mission.
At the end of its mission, Planck was put into a heliocentric graveyard orbit and passivated to prevent it from endangering any future missions. The final deactivation command was sent to Planck in October 2013.
The mission was a remarkable success and provided the most precise measurements of several key cosmological parameters. Planck's observations helped determine the age of the universe, the average density of ordinary matter and dark matter in the Universe, and other important characteristics of the cosmos. Provided by Wikipedia
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3by Aghanim, N., Keihänen, Elina, Kurki-Suonio, H., Valiviita, J., Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2016)
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4by Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, Nabila, Armitage-Caplan, C., Toffolatti, Luigi, Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2015)
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5by Aghanim, N., Crill, B. P., Doré, O., Helou, G., Rocha, G., Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2016)
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6by Ade, P. A. R., Juvela, M., Keihanen, E., Kurki-Suonio, H., Poutanen, T., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2018)
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7by Adam, R., Bock, J. J., Crill, B. P., Doré, O., Helou, G., Rocha, G., Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2016)
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8by Aghanim, N., Keihänen, E., Kiiveri, K., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lindholm, V., Savelainen, M., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Väliviita, J., Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2017)
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9by Lewis, A, Munshi, D, Adam, R, Aghanim, N, Ashdown, M, Aumont, J, Baccigalupi, C, Ballardin, M, Banday, A J, The Planck CollaborationGet access
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10by Ade, P. A. R., Juvela, M., Keihanen, E., Kurki-Suonio, H., Poutanen, T., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Tuovinen, J., Valiviita, J., Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2018)
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11by Ade, P. A. R., Juvela, M., Keihanen, E., Kurki-Suonio, H., Poutanen, T., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Tuovinen, J., Valiviita, J., Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2018)
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12by Ade, P. A. R., Juvela, M., Keihanen, E., Kurki-Suonio, H., Poutanen, T., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Tuovinen, J., Valiviita, J., Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2018)
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13by Ade, P. A. R., Juvela, M., Keihanen, E., Kurki-Suonio, H., Leon-Tavares, J., Poutanen, T., Savelainen, M., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Tuovinen, J., Valiviita, J., Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2018)
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14by Ade, P. A. R., Juvela, M., Keihanen, E., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahteenmaki, A., Leon-Tavares, J., Poutanen, T., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Tuovinen, J., Valiviita, J., Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2018)
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15by Ade, P. A. R., Juvela, M., Keihanen, E., Kiiveri, K., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahteenmaki, A., Leon-Tavares, J., Poutanen, T., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Tuovinen, J., Valiviita, J., Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2018)
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16by Ade, P. A. R., Juvela, M., Keihanen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kiiveri, K., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lähteenmäki, Anne, Lindholm, Valtteri, Poutanen, T., Savelainen, M., Suur-Uski, A-S., Tuovinen, J., Valiviita, J., Planck CollaborationGet access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2018)
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17by Planck Collaboration, Adam, R., Aghanim, N., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., Basak, S., Battye, R., Benabed, K., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Bucher, M., BURIGANA, CARLO, Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J. -F., Carron, J., Chiang, H. C., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Comis, B., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., CUTTAIA, FRANCESCO, Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., De Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Di Valentino, E., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Elsner, F.Get access
Published 2016
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18by Planck Collaboration, Aghanim, N., Alves, M. I. R., Arzoumanian, D., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., Basak, S., Benabed, K., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Boulanger, F., Bracco, A., Bucher, M., BURIGANA, CARLO, Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J. -F., Chiang, H. C., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Comis, B., Couchot, F., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., CUTTAIA, FRANCESCO, Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., De Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Delouis, J. -M., Di Valentino, E., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Efstathiou, G., Elsner, F.Get access
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19by Planck Collaboration, Adam, R., Aghanim, N., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., Basak, S., Battye, R., Benabed, K., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J. -F., Carron, J., Chiang, H. C., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Comis, B., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Di Valentino, E., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Fantaye, Y., Finelli, F., Forastieri, F., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Frolov, A., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Génova-Santos, R. T., Gerbino, M., Ghosh, T., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gruppuso, A., Gudmundsson, J. E., Hansen, F. K., Helou, G., Henrot-Versillé, S., Herranz, D., Hivon, E., Huang, Z., Ili_, S., Jaffe, A. H., Jones, W. C., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Knox, L., Krachmalnicoff, N., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Langer, M., Lasenby, A., Lattanzi, M., Lawrence, C. R., Jeune, M. Le, Levrier, F., Lewis, A., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., López-Caniego, M., Ma, Y. -Z., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maggio, G., Mangilli, A., Maris, M., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Matarrese, S., Mauri, N., McEwen, J. D., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Molinari, D., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Moss, A., Naselsky, P., Natoli, P., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Paoletti, D., Partridge, B., Patanchon, G., Patrizii, L., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Plaszczynski, S., Polastri, L., Polenta, G., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Racine, B., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renzi, A., Rocha, G., Rossetti, M., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Ruiz-Granados, B., Salvati, L., Sandri, M., Savelainen, M., Scott, D., Sirri, G., Sunyaev, R., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Tauber, J. A., Tenti, M., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Trombetti, T., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, F., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wandelt, B. D., Wehus, I. K., White, M., Zacchei, A., Zonca, A.Get access
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20by Planck Collaboration, Adam, R., Aghanim, N., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., Basak, S., Battye, R., Benabed, K., Bernard, J. -P., Bersanelli, M., Bielewicz, P., Bock, J. J., Bonaldi, A., Bonavera, L., Bond, J. R., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F. R., Bucher, M., Burigana, C., Calabrese, E., Cardoso, J. -F., Carron, J., Chiang, H. C., Colombo, L. P. L., Combet, C., Comis, B., Coulais, A., Crill, B. P., Curto, A., Cuttaia, F., Davis, R. J., de Bernardis, P., de Rosa, A., de Zotti, G., Delabrouille, J., Di Valentino, E., Dickinson, C., Diego, J. M., Doré, O., Douspis, M., Ducout, A., Dupac, X., Elsner, F., Enßlin, T. A., Eriksen, H. K., Falgarone, E., Fantaye, Y., Finelli, F., Forastieri, F., Frailis, M., Fraisse, A. A., Franceschi, E., Frolov, A., Galeotta, S., Galli, S., Ganga, K., Génova-Santos, R. T., Gerbino, M., Ghosh, T., González-Nuevo, J., Górski, K. M., Gruppuso, A., Gudmundsson, J. E., Hansen, F. K., Helou, G., Henrot-Versillé, S., Herranz, D., Hivon, E., Huang, Z., Ili_, S., Jaffe, A. H., Jones, W. C., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T. S., Knox, L., Krachmalnicoff, N., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lagache, G., Lähteenmäki, A., Lamarre, J. -M., Langer, M., Lasenby, A., Lattanzi, M., Lawrence, C. R., Jeune, M. Le, Levrier, F., Lewis, A., Liguori, M., Lilje, P. B., López-Caniego, M., Ma, Y. -Z., Macías-Pérez, J. F., Maggio, G., Mangilli, A., Maris, M., Martin, P. G., Martínez-González, E., Matarrese, S., Mauri, N., McEwen, J. D., Meinhold, P. R., Melchiorri, A., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Molinari, D., Moneti, A., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Moss, A., Naselsky, P., Natoli, P., Oxborrow, C. A., Pagano, L., Paoletti, D., Partridge, B., Patanchon, G., Patrizii, L., Perdereau, O., Perotto, L., Pettorino, V., Piacentini, F., Plaszczynski, S., Polastri, L., Polenta, G., Puget, J. -L., Rachen, J. P., Racine, B., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Renzi, A., Rocha, G., Rossetti, M., Roudier, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Ruiz-Granados, B., Salvati, L., Sandri, M., Savelainen, M., Scott, D., Sirri, G., Sunyaev, R., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Tauber, J. A., Tenti, M., Toffolatti, L., Tomasi, M., Tristram, M., Trombetti, T., Valiviita, J., Van Tent, F., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vittorio, N., Wandelt, B. D., Wehus, I. K., White, M., Zacchei, A., Zonca, A.Get access
Published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2016)
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