United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and most of the smaller islands within the British Isles, a total area of . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, and the Irish Sea. The country had an estimated population of |R}}|0.000001}}|1}} million people in . The capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom is London, whose wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. The cities of Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, respectively.The lands of the UK have been inhabited continuously since the Neolithic. In AD 43 the Roman conquest of Britain began; the Roman departure was followed by Anglo-Saxon settlement. In 1066, the Normans conquered England. With the end of the Wars of the Roses the English state stabilised and began to grow in power, resulting by the 16th century in the annexation of Wales, the domination of Scotland, and the establishment of the British Empire. Over the course of the 17th century, the role of the British monarchy was reduced, particularly as a result of the English Civil War. In 1707, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 as the Irish Free State, and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 created the present United Kingdom.
The UK became the first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "Pax Britannica" between 1815 and 1914. At its height in the 1920s, the British Empire encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the largest empire in history. However, its involvement in the First World War and the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.}} The UK has three distinct jurisdictions: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved matters. The UK is a developed country and has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). It is a nuclear state, and is ranked fourth globally in military expenditure. The UK has been a permanent member of the UN Security Council since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Council of Europe, G7, OECD, NATO, Five Eyes, AUKUS and CPTPP. British influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of its former colonies, and British culture remains globally influential, particularly in language, literature, music and sport. English is the world's most widely spoken language and the third-most spoken native language. Provided by Wikipedia
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601by Loeb, Norman, Wang, Hailan, Allan, Richard, Andrews, Timothy, Armour, Kyle, C, Cole, Jason, Dufresne, Jean-Louis, Forster, Piers, Gettelman, Andrew, Guo, Huan, Mauritsen, Thorsten, Ming, Yi, Paynter, David, Proistosescu, Cristian, Stuecker, Malte, Willén, Ulrika, Wyser, KlausContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2020)
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602Forecasting the northern African dust outbreak towards Europe in April 2011: a model intercomparisonby Huneeus, N, Basart, S, Fiedler, S, Morcrette, J.-J, Benedetti, A, Mulcahy, J, Terradellas, E, Garcia-Pando, C. Pérez, Pejanovic, G., Nickovic, S., Arsenovic, P., Schulz, M, Cuevas, E., Baldasano, J. M., Pey, J., Remy, S., Cvetkovic, B.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2016)
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603by Loeb, Norman, Wang, Hailan, Allan, Richard, Andrews, Timothy, Armour, Kyle, C, Cole, Jason, Dufresne, Jean-Louis, Forster, Piers, Gettelman, Andrew, Guo, Huan, Mauritsen, Thorsten, Ming, Yi, Paynter, David, Proistosescu, Cristian, Stuecker, Malte, Willén, Ulrika, Wyser, KlausContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2020)
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604by Loeb, Norman, Wang, Hailan, Allan, Richard, Andrews, Timothy, Armour, Kyle, C, Cole, Jason, Dufresne, Jean-Louis, Forster, Piers, Gettelman, Andrew, Guo, Huan, Mauritsen, Thorsten, Ming, Yi, Paynter, David, Proistosescu, Cristian, Stuecker, Malte, Willén, Ulrika, Wyser, KlausContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2020)
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605Forecasting the northern African dust outbreak towards Europe in April 2011: a model intercomparisonby Huneeus, N, Basart, S, Fiedler, S, Morcrette, J.-J, Benedetti, A, Mulcahy, J, Terradellas, E, Garcia-Pando, C. Pérez, Pejanovic, G., Nickovic, S., Arsenovic, P., Schulz, M, Cuevas, E., Baldasano, J. M., Pey, J., Remy, S., Cvetkovic, B.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2016)
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606by Anstey, James, A, Simpson, Isla, R, Richter, Jadwiga, H, Naoe, Hiroaki, Taguchi, Masakazu, Serva, Federico, Gray, Lesley, J, Butchart, Neal, Hamilton, Kevin, Osprey, Scott, Bellprat, Omar, Braesicke, Peter, Bushell, Andrew, C, Cagnazzo, Chiara, Chen, Chih‐chieh, Chun, Hye‐yeong, Garcia, Rolando, R, Holt, Laura, Kawatani, Yoshio, Kerzenmacher, Tobias, Kim, Young‐ha, Lott, Francois, Mclandress, Charles, Scinocca, John, Stockdale, Timothy, N, Versick, Stefan, Watanabe, Shingo, Yoshida, Kohei, Yukimoto, SeijiContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society (2021)
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607Genetic and morphological divergence in the warm-water planktonic foraminifera genus Globigerinoidesby Morard, Raphael, Füllberg, Angelina, Brummer, Geert-Jan, Greco, Mattia, Jonkers, Lukas, Wizemann, André, Weiner, Agnes, Darling, Kate, Siccha, Michael, Ledevin, Ronan, Kitazato, Hiroshi, de Garidel-Thoron, Thibault, de Vargas, Colomban, Kucera, MichalContributors: “...Natural Environment Research Council of the United Kingdom (NER/J/S2000/00860 and NE/D009707/1...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2019)
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608Genetic and morphological divergence in the warm-water planktonic foraminifera genus Globigerinoidesby Morard, Raphael, Füllberg, Angelina, Brummer, Geert-Jan, Greco, Mattia, Jonkers, Lukas, Wizemann, André, Weiner, Agnes, Darling, Kate, Siccha, Michael, Ledevin, Ronan, Kitazato, Hiroshi, de Garidel-Thoron, Thibault, de Vargas, Colomban, Kucera, MichalContributors: “...Natural Environment Research Council of the United Kingdom (NER/J/S2000/00860 and NE/D009707/1...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2019)
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609Genetic and morphological divergence in the warm-water planktonic foraminifera genus Globigerinoidesby Morard, Raphael, Füllberg, Angelina, Brummer, Geert-Jan, Greco, Mattia, Jonkers, Lukas, Wizemann, André, Weiner, Agnes, Darling, Kate, Siccha, Michael, Ledevin, Ronan, Kitazato, Hiroshi, de Garidel-Thoron, Thibault, de Vargas, Colomban, Kucera, MichalContributors: “...Natural Environment Research Council of the United Kingdom (NER/J/S2000/00860 and NE/D009707/1...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2019)
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610by Kravitz, B., Forster, P.M., Jones, A., Robock, A., Alterskjær, K., Boucher, Olivier, Jenkins, A.K.L., Korhonen, H., Kristjánsson, J.E., Muri, H., Niemeier, U., Partanen, A.-I., Rasch, P.J., Wang, H., Watanabe, S.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2013)
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611by Kravitz, B., Forster, P.M., Jones, A., Robock, A., Alterskjær, K., Boucher, Olivier, Jenkins, A.K.L., Korhonen, H., Kristjánsson, J.E., Muri, H., Niemeier, U., Partanen, A.-I., Rasch, P.J., Wang, H., Watanabe, S.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2013)
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612by Kravitz, B., Forster, P.M., Jones, A., Robock, A., Alterskjær, K., Boucher, Olivier, Jenkins, A.K.L., Korhonen, H., Kristjánsson, J.E., Muri, H., Niemeier, U., Partanen, A.-I., Rasch, P.J., Wang, H., Watanabe, S.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2013)
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613by Sequeira, A. M. M., Rodríguez, J. P., Eguíluz, V. M., Harcourt, R., Hindell, M., Sims, D. W., Duarte, Carlos M., Costa, D. P., Fernández-Gracia, J., Ferreira, L. C., Hays, G. C., Heupel, M. R., Meekan, M. G., Aven, A., Bailleul, F., Baylis, A. M. M., Berumen, Michael L., Braun, C. D., Burns, J., Caley, M. J., Campbell, R., Carmichael, R. H., Clua, E., Einoder, L. D., Friedlaender, Ari, Goebel, M. E., Goldsworthy, S. D., Guinet, C., Gunn, J., Hamer, D., Hammerschlag, N., Hammill, M., Hückstädt, L. A., Humphries, N. E., Lea, M.-A., Lowther, A., Mackay, A., McHuron, E., McKenzie, J., McLeay, L., McMahon, C. R., Mengersen, K., Muelbert, M. M. C., Pagano, A. M., Page, B., Queiroz, N., Robinson, P. W., Shaffer, S. A., Shivji, M., Skomal, G. B., Thorrold, S. R., Villegas-Amtmann, S., Weise, M., Wells, R., Wetherbee, B., Wiebkin, A., Wienecke, B., Thums, M.Contributors: “...Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB...”
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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614by Bosq, Mathieu, Kreutzer, Sebastian, Bertran, Pascal, Degeai, Jean-Philippe, Dugas, Pauline, Kadereit, Annette, Lanos, Philippe, Moine, Olivier, Pfaffner, Nora, Queffelec, Alain, Sauer, DanielaContributors: “...Geography & Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2020)
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615by Jones, A., Haywood, J.M., Alterskjær, K., Boucher, Olivier, Cole, J.N.S., Curry, C.L., Irvine, P.J., Ji, D., Kravitz, B., Egill Kristjánsson, J., Moore, J.C., Niemeier, U., Robock, A., Schmidt, H., Singh, B., Tilmes, S., Watanabe, S., Yoon, J.-H.Contributors: “...Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2013)
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616by Arneth, Almut, Sitch, Stephen, Bondeau, Alberte, Butterbach-Bahl, K., Foster, P., Gedney, N., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Prentice, I. Colin, Sanderson, M., Thonicke, K., Wania, R., Zaehle, S.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Biogeosciences (2010)
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617by Arneth, Almut, Sitch, Stephen, Bondeau, Alberte, Butterbach-Bahl, K., Foster, P., Gedney, N., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Prentice, I. Colin, Sanderson, M., Thonicke, K., Wania, R., Zaehle, S.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Biogeosciences (2010)
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618by European Commission, BrusselsContributors: “...Kantar UK Limited, London, United Kingdom...”
Published 2021
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619by European Commission, BrusselsContributors: “...Kantar UK Limited, London, United Kingdom...”
Published 2022
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620by European Commission, BrusselsContributors: “...Kantar UK Limited, London, United Kingdom...”
Published 2023
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