United Kingdom
![The [[Bayeux Tapestry](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg)
In 1707, the Kingdom of England (which included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 as the Irish Free State, and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 created the present name.
The UK became the first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the "Pax Britannica" between 1815 and 1914. At its height in the 1920s, the British Empire encompassed almost a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the largest empire in history. However, its involvement in the First World War and the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies. British influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of its former colonies, and British culture remains globally influential, particularly in language, literature, music and sport. English is the world's most widely spoken language and the third-most spoken native language.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.}} The UK has three distinct jurisdictions; England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Since 1999, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved matters. The capital and largest city of the United Kingdom (as well as the capital of England) is London, with its wider metropolitan area being the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 14.9 million. The cities of Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, respectively. Other major cities include Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Bristol, Liverpool, Sheffield, Newcastle and Leeds.
The UK is a developed country and has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). It is a recognised nuclear state, and is ranked fourth globally in military expenditure. The UK has been a permanent member of the UN Security Council since its first session in 1946. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Council of Europe, G7, OECD, NATO, Five Eyes, AUKUS and CPTPP. Provided by Wikipedia
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261by Achterberg, Eric, Steigenberger, Sebastian, Marsay, Chris, Le Moigne, Frédéric A.C., Painter, Stuart, Baker, Alex, Connelly, Douglas, Moore, C. Mark, Tagliabue, Alessandro, Tanhua, TosteContributors: “...TJ, United Kingdom...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2018)
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262by Achterberg, Eric, Steigenberger, Sebastian, Marsay, Chris, Le Moigne, Frédéric A.C., Painter, Stuart, Baker, Alex, Connelly, Douglas, Moore, C. Mark, Tagliabue, Alessandro, Tanhua, TosteContributors: “...TJ, United Kingdom...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2018)
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263by Bobrowski, N., von Glasow, R., Giuffrida, G. B., Tedesco, D., Aiuppa, A., Yalire, M., Arellano, S., Johansson, M., Galle, B.Contributors: “..., University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom...”
Published in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2015)
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264by Dombrowsky, E., Bertino, L., Brassington, G., Chassignet, E., Davidson, F., Hurlburt, H., Kamachi, M., Lee, T., Martin, M., Mey, S., Tonani, M.Contributors: “...Martin, M.; Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom...”
Published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (2009)
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265by Haddeland, I., Clark, D.B., Franssen, W., Ludwig, F., Voss, F., Arnell, N.W., Bertrand, Nathalie, Best, M., Folwell, S., Gerten, D., Gomes, S., Gosling, S.N., Hagemann, S., Hanasaki, N., Harding, R., Heinke, J., Kabat, P., Koirala, S., Oki, T., Polcher, Jan, Stacke, T., Viterbo, P., Weedon, G.P., Yeh, P.Contributors: “...Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom...”
Published in Journal of Hydrometeorology (2011)
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266by Haddeland, I., Clark, D.B., Franssen, W., Ludwig, F., Voss, F., Arnell, N.W., Bertrand, Nathalie, Best, M., Folwell, S., Gerten, D., Gomes, S., Gosling, S.N., Hagemann, S., Hanasaki, N., Harding, R., Heinke, J., Kabat, P., Koirala, S., Oki, T., Polcher, Jan, Stacke, T., Viterbo, P., Weedon, G.P., Yeh, P.Contributors: “...Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom...”
Published in Journal of Hydrometeorology (2011)
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267by Haddeland, I., Clark, D.B., Franssen, W., Ludwig, F., Voss, F., Arnell, N.W., Bertrand, Nathalie, Best, M., Folwell, S., Gerten, D., Gomes, S., Gosling, S.N., Hagemann, S., Hanasaki, N., Harding, R., Heinke, J., Kabat, P., Koirala, S., Oki, T., Polcher, Jan, Stacke, T., Viterbo, P., Weedon, G.P., Yeh, P.Contributors: “...Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom...”
Published in Journal of Hydrometeorology (2011)
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268by Jezek, K.C., Johnson, J.T., Tsang, L., Brogioni, M., Macelloni, G., Aksoy, M., Kaleschke, L., Wang, S., Leduc-Leballeur, Marion, Yardim, C., Andrews, M., Xu, H., Demir, O., Tan, S., Miller, J.Contributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Frontiers in Earth Science (2022)
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269by Edwards, Martin, Hélaouët, Pierre, Goberville, Eric, Lindley, Alistair, Tarling, Geraint, Burrows, Michael, Atkinson, AngusContributors: “...Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA)...”
Published in Communications Biology (2021)
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270by Willener, Astrid S. T., Halsey, Lewis G., Strike, Siobhán, Enstipp, Manfred R., Georges, Jean-Yves, Handrich, YvesContributors: “...University of Roehampton, United Kingdom...”
Published in Stress (2015)
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271by Willener, Astrid S. T., Halsey, Lewis G., Strike, Siobhán, Enstipp, Manfred R., Georges, Jean-Yves, Handrich, YvesContributors: “...University of Roehampton, United Kingdom...”
Published in Stress (2015)
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272by Vonk, Jorien E., Tank, Suzanne E., Mann, Paul J., Spencer, Robert G.M., Treat, Claire C., Striegl, Robert G., Abbott, Benjamin W., Wickland, Kimberly P.Contributors: “...University of Northumbria at Newcastle United Kingdom...”
Published in Biogeosciences (2015)
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273by Edwards, Martin, Hélaouët, Pierre, Goberville, Eric, Lindley, Alistair, Tarling, Geraint, Burrows, Michael, Atkinson, AngusContributors: “...Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA)...”
Published in Communications Biology (2021)
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274by Sheldon, Luke, Czaja, Arnaud, Vannière, Benoit, Morcrette, Cyril, Sohet, Benoit, Casado, Mathieu, Smith, DougContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography (2017)
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275by Sheldon, Luke, Czaja, Arnaud, Vannière, Benoit, Morcrette, Cyril, Sohet, Benoit, Casado, Mathieu, Smith, DougContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography (2017)
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276by Sheldon, Luke, Czaja, Arnaud, Vannière, Benoit, Morcrette, Cyril, Sohet, Benoit, Casado, Mathieu, Smith, DougContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography (2017)
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277by Sheldon, Luke, Czaja, Arnaud, Vannière, Benoit, Morcrette, Cyril, Sohet, Benoit, Casado, Mathieu, Smith, DougContributors: “...United Kingdom Met Office Exeter...”
Published in Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography (2017)
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278by Chadburn, S., Burke, E.J., Essery, R., Boike, J, Langer, M., Heikenfeld, M, Cox, PM, Friedlingstein, PContributors: “... of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2015)
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279by Chadburn, S., Burke, E., Essery, R., Boike, J., Langer, M., Heikenfeld, M., Cox, P., Friedlingstein, P.Contributors: “... of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom...”
Published in Geoscientific Model Development (2015)
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280by Raghavan, Maanasa, Steinrücken, Matthias, Harris, Kelley, Schiffels, Stephan, Rasmussen, Simon, DeGiorgio, Michael, Albrechtsen, Anders, Valdiosera, Cristina, Ávila-Arcos, María C., Malaspinas, Anna Sapfo, Eriksson, Anders, Moltke, Ida, Metspalu, Mait, Homburger, Julian R., Wall, Jeff, Cornejo, Omar E., Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor, Korneliussen, Thorfinn S., Pierre, Tracey, Rasmussen, Morten, Campos, Paula F., De Barros Damgaard, Peter, Allentoft, Morten E., Lindo, John, Metspalu, Ene, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Mansilla, Josefina, Henrickson, Celeste, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Malmstöm, Helena, Stafford, Thomas, Shringarpure, Suyash S., Moreno-Estrada, Andrés, Karmin, Monika, Tambets, Kristiina, Bergström, Anders, Xue, Yali, Warmuth, Vera, Friend, Andrew D., Singarayer, Joy, Valdes, Paul, Balloux, Francois, Leboreiro, Ilán, Vera, Jose Luis, Rangel-Villalobos, Hector, Pettener, Davide, Luiselli, Donata, Davis, Loren G., Heyer, Evelyne, Zollikofer, Christoph P E, Ponce De León, Marcia S., Smith, Colin I., Grimes, Vaughan, Pike, Kelly Anne, Deal, Michael, Fuller, Benjamin T., Arriaza, Bernardo, Standen, Vivien, Luz, Maria F., Ricaut, Francois, Guidon, Niede, Osipova, Ludmila, Voevoda, Mikhail I., Posukh, Olga L., Balanovsky, Oleg, Lavryashina, Maria, Bogunov, Yuri, Khusnutdinova, Elza, Gubina, Marina, Balanovska, Elena, Fedorova, Sardana, Litvinov, Sergey, Malyarchuk, Boris, Derenko, Miroslava, Mosher, M. J., Archer, David, Cybulski, JeromeContributors: “...Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom...”
Published in Science (2015)
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