Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps and the Jura; the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, whereas most of the country's population of 9 million are concentrated on the plateau, which hosts its largest cities and economic centres, including Zurich, Geneva, and Basel.Switzerland originates from the Old Swiss Confederacy established in the Late Middle Ages, following a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy; the Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the country's founding document. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since the 16th century and has not fought an international war since 1815. It joined the United Nations only in 2002 but pursues an active foreign policy that includes frequent involvement in peace building.
Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross and hosts the headquarters or offices of most major international institutions, including the WTO, the WHO, the ILO, FIFA, the WEF, and the UN. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but not part of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area, or the eurozone; however, it participates in the European single market and the Schengen Area. Switzerland is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern.
Switzerland is one of the world's most developed countries, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Switzerland performs highly on several international metrics, including economic competitiveness and democratic governance. Cities such as Zurich, Geneva and Basel rank among the highest in terms of quality of life, albeit with some of the highest costs of living. Switzerland holds an international reputation for its established banking sector, alongside its distinctive recognition for their watchmaking and chocolate production.
It has four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Although most Swiss are German-speaking, national identity is fairly cohesive, being rooted in a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy, and Alpine symbolism. Swiss identity transcends language, ethnicity, and religion, leading to Switzerland being described as a ("nation of volition") rather than a nation state. Provided by Wikipedia
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121Air temperature and water level inferences from northeastern Lapland (69°N) since the Little Ice Ageby Luoto, Tomi P., Kivilä, E. Henriikka, Nevalainen, Liisa, Kotrys, Bartosz, Płóciennik, Mateusz, Rantala, Marttiina V.Contributors: “..., Switzerland...”
Published in Polish Polar Research (2020)
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122by Pawłowska, Joanna, Lejzerowicz, F, Esling, Philippe, Szczuciński, Witold, Zajączkowski, Marek, Pawlowski, JanContributors: “...University of Geneva Switzerland...”
Published in Geobiology (2014)
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123by Pawłowska, Joanna, Lejzerowicz, F, Esling, Philippe, Szczuciński, Witold, Zajączkowski, Marek, Pawlowski, JanContributors: “...University of Geneva Switzerland...”
Published in Geobiology (2014)
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124by Grauel, Anna-Lena, Schmid, Thomas W., Hu, Bin, Bergami, Caterina, Capotondi, Lucilla, Zhou, Liping, Bernasconi, Stefano M.Contributors: “...ETH, Inst Geol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland....”
Published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (2013)
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125by ISSP Research GroupContributors: “...FORS swiss foundation for research in social sciences, c/o University of Lausanne, Switzerland...”
Published 2016
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126by Fontaine, Michael C., Thatcher, Oliver, Ray, Nicolas, Piry, Sylvain, Brownlow, Andrew, Davison, Nicholas J., Jepson, Paul, Deaville, Rob, Goodman, Simon J.Contributors: “...University of Geneva Switzerland -University of Geneva Switzerland...”
Published in Royal Society Open Science (2017)
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127by Buizert, Christo, Gkinis, Vasileios, Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., He, Feng, Lecavalier, Benoit S., Kindler, Philippe, Leuenberger, Markus, Carlson, Anders E., Vinther, Bo, Masson-Delmotte, Valerie, White, James W. C., Liu, Zhengyu, Otto-Bliesner, Bette, Brook, Edward J.Contributors: “...Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Div Climate & Environm Phys, Bern, Switzerland....”
Published in Science (2014)
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128by Bader, Thomas, Ratschbacher, Lothar, Franz, Leander, Yang, Zhao, Hofmann, Mandy, Linnemann, Ulf, Yuan, HonglinContributors: “...Univ Basel, Mineral Petrog Inst, Basel, Switzerland....”
Published in Tectonics (2013)
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129by Flood, Robert, Zufelt, Kirk, Bretagnolle, Vincent, Shirihai, HadoramContributors: “...Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern Switzerland...”
Published in Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club (2021)
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130by Flood, Robert, Zufelt, Kirk, Bretagnolle, Vincent, Shirihai, HadoramContributors: “...Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern Switzerland...”
Published in Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club (2021)
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131by Flood, Robert, Zufelt, Kirk, Bretagnolle, Vincent, Shirihai, HadoramContributors: “...Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern Switzerland...”
Published in Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club (2021)
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132by ISSP Research GroupContributors: “...FORS, c/o University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland...”
Published 2019
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133by Schläppy, Romain, Jomelli, Vincent, Grancher, Delphine, Stoffel, Markus, Corona, Christophe, Brunstein, Daniel, Eckert, Nicolas, Deschatres, MichaelContributors: “...University of Geneva Switzerland -University of Geneva Switzerland...”
Published in Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research (2013)
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134by Bosson, J., Huss, M., Cauvy-Fraunié, S., Clément, J., Costes, G., Fischer, M., Poulenard, Jérôme, Arthaud, F.Contributors: “... Birmensdorf, Switzerland...”
Published in Nature (2023)
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135by Orosei, Roberto, Rossi, Angelo Pio, Cantini, Federico, Caprarelli, Graziella, Carter, Lynn M., Papiano, Irene, Cartacci, Marco, Cicchetti, Andrea, Noschese, RaffaellaContributors: “...Space Engineering Center; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets (2017)
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136by Charbonnier, Guillaume, Duchamp-Alphonse, Stéphanie, Deconinck, Jean-François, Adatte, Thierry, Spangenberg, Jorge, Colin, Christophe, Föllmi, KarlContributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences, Géopolis, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland....”
Published in Earth-Science Reviews (2020)
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137by EVSContributors: “...Lausanne, Switzerland (Face-to-face) andSwiss Centre for Expertise in the Social Sciences FORS c/o...”
Published 2018
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138by Charbonnel, Emeline, Daguin-Thiébaut, Claire, Caradec, Lucille, Moittié, Eléonore, Gilg, Olivier, Gavrilo, Maria, Strøm, Hallvard, Mallory, Mark, Morrison, R. I. Guy, Gilchrist, H. Grant, Leblois, Raphaël, Roux, Camille, Yearsley, Jonathan, Yannic, Glenn, Broquet, ThomasContributors: “...This work was supported by grants from the foundation Ellis Elliot (Switzerland), Societe vaudoise...”
Published in Heredity (2022)
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139by Charbonnel, Emeline, Daguin-Thiébaut, Claire, Caradec, Lucille, Moittié, Eléonore, Gilg, Olivier, Gavrilo, Maria, Strøm, Hallvard, Mallory, Mark, Morrison, Guy, Gilchrist, Grant, Leblois, Raphaël, Roux, Camille, Yearsley, Jonathan, Yannic, Glenn, Broquet, ThomasContributors: “...This work was supported by grants from the foundation Ellis Elliot (Switzerland), Societe vaudoise...”
Published in Heredity (2022)
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140by Charbonnel, Emeline, Daguin-Thiébaut, Claire, Caradec, Lucille, Moittié, Eléonore, Gilg, Olivier, Gavrilo, Maria, V., Strøm, Hallvard, Mallory, Mark, L., Morrison, R. I. Guy, Gilchrist, H. Grant, Leblois, Raphaël, Roux, Camille, Yearsley, Jonathan, M., Yannic, Glenn, Broquet, ThomasContributors: “...This work was supported by grants from the foundation Ellis Elliot (Switzerland), Societe vaudoise...”
Published in Heredity (2022)
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