Sunderland
![The areas that are now Sunderland were once part of the Brythonic [[Hen Ogledd](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg)
The centre of the modern city is an amalgamation of three settlements founded in the Anglo-Saxon era: Monkwearmouth, on the north bank of the Wear, and Sunderland and Bishopwearmouth on the south bank. Monkwearmouth contains St Peter's Church, which was founded in 674 and formed part of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey, a significant centre of learning in the seventh and eighth centuries. Sunderland was a fishing settlement and later a port, being granted a town charter in 1179. The city traded in coal and salt, also developing shipbuilding industry in the fourteenth century and glassmaking industry in the seventeenth century. Following the decline of its traditional industries in the late 20th century, the area became an automotive building centre. In 1992, the borough of Sunderland was granted city status. Sunderland is historically part of County Durham, being incorporated to the ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear in 1974.
Locals are sometimes known as Mackems, a term which came into common use in the 1970s. Its use and acceptance by residents, particularly among the older generations, is not universal. The term is also applied to the Sunderland dialect, which shares similarities with the other North East England dialects. Provided by Wikipedia
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21by Calder, Ryan S.D., Bromage, Sabri, Sunderland, Elsie M.Get access
Published in Environmental Research (2019)
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22by Bott, M. H. P., Nielsen, P. H., Sunderland, J.Get access
Published in Geophysical Journal International (1976)
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23by Bartleet, Brydie-Leigh, Bennett, Dawn, Power, Anne, Sunderland, NaomiGet access
Published in Intercultural Education (2019)
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25by Sunderland, Naomi, Woodland, Sarah, O'Sullivan, Sandy, Bartleet, Brydie-LeighGet access
Published in Journal of Rural Studies (2022)
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27by Sunderland, Naomi, Stevens, Fiona, Knudsen, Kate, Cooper, Rae, Wobcke, MarianneGet access
Published in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse (2022)
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29by Bartleet, Brydie-Leigh, Woodland, Sarah, Sunderland, Naomi, O'Sullivan, SandyGet access
Published in Cultural Trends (2022)
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30by Bartleet, Brydie-Leigh, Woodland, Sarah, Sunderland, Naomi, O’Sullivan, SandyGet access
Published in Cultural Trends (2021)
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31by Sunderland, Naomi, Stevens, Fiona, Knudsen, Kate, Cooper, Rae, Wobcke, MarianneGet access
Published in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse (2022)
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32by Sunderland, Naomi, Woodland, Sarah, O'Sullivan, Sandy, Bartleet, Brydie-LeighGet access
Published in Journal of Rural Studies (2021)
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33by Sunderland, Naomi, Woodland, Sarah, O'Sullivan, Sandy, Bartleet, Brydie-LeighGet access
Published in Journal of Rural Studies (2022)
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34by Bartleet, Brydie-Leigh, Bennett, Dawn, Power, Anne (R8415), Sunderland, NaomiGet access
Published in Intercultural Education (2019)
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36by Ewald, Jessica D., Kirk, Jane L., Li, Miling, Sunderland, Elsie M.Get access
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2019)
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37by Joerss, H., Xie, Z., Wagner, C., von Appen, W., Sunderland, E., Ebinghaus, R.Get access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2020)
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38by Dassuncao, Clifton, Hu, Xindi C., Nielsen, Flemming, Weihe, Pál, Grandjean, Philippe, Sunderland, Elsie M.Get access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2018)
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39by Dassuncao, Clifton, Hu, Xindi C, Nielsen, Flemming, Weihe, Pál, Grandjean, Philippe, Sunderland, Elsie MGet access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2018)
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