Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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1921by Landais, Amaelle, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Capron, Emilie, Langebroek, Petra M., Bakker, Pepijn, Stone, Emma J., Merz, Niklaus, Raible, Christoph C., Fischer, Hubertus, Orsi, Anaïs, Prié, Frédéric, Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe, Vinther, Bo MøllesøeGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1922by Brovkin V., Brucher T., Kleinen T., Zaehle S., Joos F., Roth R., Spahni R., Schmitt J., Fischer H., Leuenberger M., Stone E. J., Ridgwell A., Chappellaz J., Kehrwald N., Barbante C., Blunier T., Dahl Jensen D.Contributors: “...Stone, E. J....”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2016)
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1923by Tezanos-Pinto, Gabriela, Scott Baker, Charles, Russell, Kirsty, Martien, Karen, Baird, Robin W., Hutt, Alistair, Stone, Gregory, Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Caballero, Susana, Endo, Tetusya, Lavery, Shane, Oremus, Marc, Olavarría, Carlos, Garrigue, ClaireGet access
Published in Journal of Heredity (2008)
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1924by Tezanos-Pinto, Gabriela, Baker, Charles Scott, Russell, Kirsty, Martien, Karen, Baird, Robin W., Hutt, Alistair, Stone, Gregory, Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Caballero, Susana, Endo, Tetusya, Lavery, Shane, Oremus, Marc, Olavarría, Carlos, Garrigue, ClaireGet access
Published in Journal of Heredity (2008)
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1925by Tezanos-Pinto, Gabriela, Baker, Charles Scott, Russell, Kirsty, Martien, Karen, Baird, Robin W., Hutt, Alistair, Stone, Gregory, Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Caballero, Susana, Endo, Tetusya, Lavery, Shane, Oremus, Marc, Olavarría, Carlos, Garrigue, ClaireGet access
Published in Journal of Heredity (2008)
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1926by Tezanos-Pinto, Gabriela, Baker, Charles Scott, Russell, Kirsty, Martien, Karen, Baird, Robin W., Hutt, Alistair, Stone, Gregory, Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Caballero, Susana, Endo, Tetusya, Lavery, Shane, Oremus, Marc, Olavarría, Carlos, Garrigue, ClaireGet access
Published in Journal of Heredity (2009)
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1927by Stone, KA, Solomon, S, Kinnison, DE, Pitts, MC, Poole, LR, Mills, MJ, Schmidt, A, Neely III, RR, Ivy, D, Schwartz, MJ, Vernier, J-P, Johnson, BJ, Tully, MB, Klekociuk, AR, König‐Langlo, G, Hagiya, SGet access
Published 2017
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1928by Stone, R. S., Herber, Andreas, Vitale, V., Mazzola, M., Lupi, A., Schnell, R. C., Dutton, E. G., Liu, P. S. K., Li, S.-M., Dethloff, Klaus, Lampert, Astrid, Ritter, Christoph, Stock, Maria, Neuber, Roland, Maturilli, MarionGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research (2010)
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1929by Hoffmann, Anne, Osterloh, Lukas, Stone, Robert, Lampert, Astrid, Ritter, Christoph, Stock, Maria, Tuneved, Peter, Hennig, Tabea, Böckmann, Christine, Li, Shao-Meng, Eleftheriadis, Kostas, Maturilli, Marion, Orgis, Thomas, Herber, Andreas, Neuber, Roland, Dethloff, KlausGet access
Published in Atmospheric Environment (2011)
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1930by Perry, George H., Dominy, Nathaniel J., Claw, Katrina G., Lee, Arthur S., Fiegler, Heike, Redon, Richard, Werner, John, Villanea, Fernando A., Mountain, Joanna L., Misra, Rajeev, Carter, Nigel P., Lee, Charles, Stone, Anne C.Get access
Published in Nature Genetics (2007)
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1931by Apichai Tuanyok, Joshua K Stone, Mark Mayo, Mirjam Kaestli, Jeffrey Gruendike, Shalamar Georgia, Stephanie Warrington, Travis Mullins, Christopher J Allender, David M Wagner, Narisara Chantratita, Sharon J Peacock, Bart J Currie, Paul KeimGet access
Published in PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2012)
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1932by Bakker, P., Masson-Delmotte, V., Martrat, B., Charbit, S., Renssen, H., Groeger, M., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Lohmann, G., Lunt, D., Pfeiffer, M., Phipps, S., Prange, M., Ritz, S., Schulz, M., Stenni, B., Stone, E., Varma, V.Get access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2014)
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1933by Petoukhov, V., Claussen, M., Berger, A., Crucifix, M., Eby, M., Eliseev, A., Fichefet, T., Ganopolski, A., Goose, H., Kamenkovich, I., Mokhov, I., Montoya, M., Mysak, L., Sokolov, A., Stone, P., Wang, Z., Weaver, A.Get access
Published in Climate Dynamics (2005)
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1934by Walkup, Jeth, Dang, Chansotheary, Mau, Rebecca L, Hayer, Michaela, Schwartz, Egbert, Stone, Bram W, Hofmockel, Kirsten S, Koch, Benjamin J, Purcell, Alicia M, Pett-Ridge, Jennifer, Wang, Chao, Hungate, Bruce A, Morrissey, Ember MGet access
Published in ISME Communications (2023)
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1935by Á. Barreto, E. Cuevas, M.-J. Granados-Muñoz, L. Alados-Arboledas, P. M. Romero, J. Gröbner, N. Kouremeti, A. F. Almansa, T. Stone, C. Toledano, R. Román, M. Sorokin, B. Holben, M. Canini, M. YelaGet access
Published in Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (2016)
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1936by Li, C, Michel, C, Seland Graff, L, Bethke, I, Zappa, G, Bracegirdle, TJ, Fischer, E, Harvey, BJ, Iversen, T, King, MP, Krishnan, H, Lierhammer, L, Mitchell, D, Scinocca, J, Shiogama, H, Stone, DA, Wettstein, JJGet access
Published 2018
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1937by Li, C, Michel, C, Seland Graff, L, Bethke, I, Zappa, G, Bracegirdle, TJ, Fischer, E, Harvey, BJ, Iversen, T, King, MP, Krishnan, H, Lierhammer, L, Mitchell, D, Scinocca, J, Shiogama, H, Stone, DA, Wettstein, JJGet access
Published in Earth System Dynamics (2018)
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1938by Marc Oremus, Alistair Hutt, Antonio A. Mignucci-Giannoni, Kirsty Russell, Charles Scott Baker, Susana Caballero, Gregory Stone, Carlos Olavarría, Shane Lavery, Gabriela Tezanos-Pinto, Claire Garrigue, Tetusya Endo, Karen K. Martien, Robin W. BairdGet access
Published in Journal of Heredity (2008)
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1939by Alexander Makshtas, Vladimir Sokolov, Peter Liu, Christian Haas, Johannes Kässbohrer, Ralf Brauner, Robert Stone, Thomas Orgis, Klaus Dethloff, Roland Neuber, Gerit Birnbaum, Andreas Herber, Maria Stock, Christoph Ritter, Anne Hoffmann, Marion Maturilli, Astrid LampertGet access
Published in Atmosphere (2012)
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1940by Lampert, Astrid, Maturilli, Marion, Ritter, Christoph, Hoffmann, Anne, Stock, Maria, Herber, Andreas, Birnbaum, Gerit, Neuber, Roland, Dethloff, Klaus, Orgis, Thomas, Stone, Robert S., Brauner, Ralf, Kässbohrer, Johannes, Haas, Christian, Makshtas, Alexander, Sokolov, Vladimir, Liu, PeterGet access
Published in Atmosphere (2012)
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