Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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1342by Applegate, Patrick J., Kirchner, Nina, Stone, Emma J., Keller, Klaus, Greve, RalfGet access
Published in The Cryosphere
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1345by Williams, M, Floyd, J, Salas, M, Siveter, D, Stone, P, Vannier, JGet access
Published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (2016)
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1346by Spector, Perry, Stone, John, Pollard, David, Hillebrand, Trevor, Lewis, Cameron, Gombiner, JoelGet access
Published in The Cryosphere (2018)
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1347by Stone, E. J., Lunt, D. J., Annan, J. D., Hargreaves, J. C.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2018)
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1349by Browning, T, Stone, K, Bouman, H, Mather, TA, Pyle, DM, Martinez-Vicente, VGet access
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2015)
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1350by Bromley, Gordon R.M., Hall, Brenda L., Stone, John O., Conway, HowardGet access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2012)
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1351by Crane, Adele, Goebel, Michael E., Kraberger, Simona, Stone, Anne C., Varsani, ArvindGet access
Published in Virus Genes (2018)
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1355by Stone, E. J., Lunt, D. J., Annan, J. D., Hargreaves, J. C.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2018)
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1356by White, Warren B., Chen, Shyh-Chin, Allan, Robert J., Stone, Roger C.Get access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research (2002)
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1359by Lunt, Daniel J., Haywood, Alan M., Foster, Gavin L., Stone, Emma J.Get access
Published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (2009)
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