Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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2001by Caldwell, Joyce, Davis, Jamie, Bois, Barbara, Echo-Hask, Holly, Erickson, Jill Shephard, Goins, R Turner, Hill, Calvin, Hillabrant, Walter, Johnson, Sharon, Kendall, Elizabeth, Keemer, Kelly, Manson, Spero, Marshall, Catherine, Wolf, Paulette Running, Santiago, Rolando, Schacht, Robert, Stone, JosephGet access
Published 2005
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2002by Woo, Ming-Ko, Modeste, Paul, Martz, Lawrence, Blondin, Joe, Kotchtubajda, Bob, Tutcho, Dolphus, Gyakum, John, Takazo, Alphonse, Spence, Chris, Tutcho, Johnny, di Cenzo, Peter, Kenny, George, Stone, John, Neyelle, Israel, Baptiste, George, Modeste, Morris, Kenny, Bruce, Modeste, WalterGet access
Published in ARCTIC (2009)
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2003by Tate Oulton, Almahamoudou Mahamar, Koualy Sanogo, Makonon Diallo, Ahamadou Youssouf, Sidi M. Niambele, Siaka Samaké, Sekouba Keita, Youssouf Sinaba, Adama Sacko, Sekou F. Traore, Kjerstin Lanke, Katharine A. Collins, John Bradley, Chris Drakeley, Will J. R. Stone, Alassane DickoGet access
Published in Malaria Journal (2022)
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2004by Klekociuk, A.R., Tully, M.B., Krummel, P.B., Gies, H.P., Petelina, S.V., Alexander, S.P., Deschamps, L.L., Fraser, P.J., Henderson, S.I., Javorniczky, J., Shanklin, J.D., Siddaway, J.M., Stone, K.A.Get access
Published 2014
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2005by Woo, Ming-Ko, Modeste, Paul, Martz, Lawrence, Blondin, Joe, Kotchtubajda, Bob, Tutcho, Dolphus, Gyakum, John, Takazo, Alphonse, Spence, Chris, Tutcho, Johnny, Di Cenzo, Peter, Kenny, George, Stone, John, Neyelle, Israel, Baptiste, George, Modeste, Morris, Kenny, Bruce, Modeste, WalterGet access
Published in ARCTIC (2009)
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2006by Li, Camille, Michel, Clio, Graff, Lise S., Bethke, Ingo, Zappa, Giuseppe, Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Fischer, Erich, Harvey, Ben J., Iversen, Trond, King, Martin P., Krishnan, Harinarayan, Lierhammer, Ludwig, Mitchell, Daniel, Scinocca, John, Shiogama, Hideo, Stone, Dáithí A., Wettstein, Justin J.Get access
Published 2018
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2007by Bakker, Pepijn, Masson-Delmotte, V., Martrat, B., Charbit, S., Renssen, Hans, Gröger, M., Krebs-Kanzow, Uta, Lohmann, Gerrit, Lunt, Daniel J., Pfeiffer, Madlene, Phipps, S.J., Prange, Matthias, Ritz, S.P., Schulz, Michael, Stenni, B., Stone, E.J., Varma, V.Get access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2014)
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2008by The British Broadcasting Corporation, Greaves, Keith Stone (anchor, correspondent), Lewis, Lincoln (interviewee), Smith, Colin (correspondent), Hughes, Hubert (interviewee), Banks, Victor (interviewee), O'Neal, Ralph Telford (interviewee), Burns-Piper, Angela (correspondent), Jarvis, Mike (correspondent), Morley, Elliot (interviewee), Perreira, Joseph 'Reds' (interviewee)Get access
Published 1999
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2009by Li, Camille, Michel, Clio, Graff, Lise S., Bethke, Ingo, Zappa, Giuseppe, Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Fischer, Erich, Harvey, Ben J., Iversen, Trond, King, Martin P., Krishnan, Harinarayan, Lierhammer, Ludwig, Mitchell, Daniel, Scinocca, John, Shiogama, Hideo, Stone, Dáithí A., Wettstein, Justin J.Get access
Published 2018
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2010by Tomasi, Claudio, Lupi, Angelo, Mazzola, Mauro, Stone, Robert S., Dutton, Ellsworth G., Herber, Andreas, Radionov, Vladimir F., Holben, Brent N., Sorokin, Mikhail G., Sakerin, Sergey M., Terpugova, Svetlana A., Sobolewski, Piotr S., Lanconelli, Christian, Petkov, Boyan H., Busetto, Maurizio, Vitale, VitoGet access
Published in Atmospheric Environment (2012)
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2011by Hughes, Charles Campbell, Smith, Kaj Birket, Carpenter, Edmund, Chance, Norman A., Cohen, Ronald, Dunn, Stephen P., Dunn, Ethel, Dunning, R. W., Gurvich, I. S., Fineberg, L. A., Honigmann, John J., Israel, Heinz, Kleivan, Helge, Nellemann, George, VanStone, James W.Get access
Published in Current Anthropology (1965)
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2012by Bakker, P., Masson-Delmotte, V., Martrat, B., Charbit, S., Renssen, H., Gröger, M., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Lohman, G., Lunt, D.J., Pfeiffer, M., Phipps, S.J., Prange, M., Ritz, S.P., Schulz, M., Stenni, B., Stone, E.J., Varma, V.Get access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2014)
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2013by Zalasiewicz, J, Williams, M, Fortey, R, Smith, A, Barry, TL, Coe, AL, Bown, PR, Rawson, PF, Gale, A, Gibbard, P, Gregory, FJ, Hounslow, MW, Kerr, AC, Pearson, P, Knox, R, Powell, J, Waters, C, Marshall, J, Oates, M, Stone, PGet access
Published 2011
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2014by Li, Camille, Michel, Clio, Seland Graff, Lise, Bethke, Ingo, Zappa, Giuseppe, Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Fischer, Erich, Harvey, Ben J., Iversen, Trond, King, Martin P., Krishnan, Harinarayan, Lierhammer, Ludwig, Mitchell, Daniel, Scinocca, John, Shiogama, Hideo, Stone, Dáithí A., Wettstein, Justin J.Get access
Published in Earth System Dynamics (2018)
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2015by Li, Camille, Michel, Clio, Seland Graff, Lise, Bethke, Ingo, Zappa, Giuseppe, Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Fischer, Erich, Harvey, Ben J., Iversen, Trond, King, Martin P., Krishnan, Harinarayan, Lierhammer, Ludwig, Mitchell, Daniel, Scinocca, John, Shiogama, Hideo, Stone, Dáithí A., Wettstein, Justin J.Get access
Published in Earth System Dynamics (2018)
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2016by Li, Camille, Michel, Clio, Graff, Lise Seland, Bethke, Ingo, Zappa, Giuseppe, Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Fischer, Erich, Harvey, Ben J., Trond, Iversen, King, Martin P., Krishnan, Harinarayan, Lierhammer, Ludwig, Mitchell, Daniel, Scinocca, John, Shiogama, Hideo, Stone, Dáithí A., Wettstein, Justin J.Get access
Published 2018
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2017by Tully, M.B., Klekociuk, A.R., Alexander, S.P., Dargaville, R.J., Deschamps, L.L., Fraser, P.J., Gies, H.P., Henderson, S.I., Javorniczky, J., Krummel, P.B., Petelina, S.V., Shanklin, Jonathan D., Siddaway, J.M., Stone, K.A.Get access
Published 2011
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2018by Klekociuk, A.R., Tully, M.B., Alexander, S.P., Dargaville, R.J., Deschamps, L.L., Fraser, P.J., Gies, H.P., Henderson, S.I., Javorniczky, J., Krummel, P.B., Petelina, S.V., Shanklin, J.D., Siddaway, J.M., Stone, K.A.Get access
Published 2011
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2019
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2020by Li, Camille, Michel, Clio, Graff, Lise Seland, Bethke, Ingo, Zappa, Giuseppe, Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Fischer, Erich, Harvey, Ben J., Iversen, Trond, King, Martin P., Krishnan, Harinarayan, Lierhammer, Ludwig, Mitchell, Daniel, Scinocca, John, Shiogama, Hideo, Stone, Daithi A., Wettstein, Justin J.Get access
Published in Earth System Dynamics (2023)
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