Spain
![Celtic castro in Galicia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg)
In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by Celts, Iberians, and other pre-Roman peoples. With the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the province of Hispania was established. Following the Romanization and Christianization of Hispania, the fall of the Western Roman Empire ushered in the inward migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the Visigoths, who formed the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was invaded by the Umayyad Caliphate, and during early Islamic rule, Al-Andalus became a dominant peninsular power centred on Córdoba. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the ''Reconquista'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492. The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 under the Catholic Monarchs is often considered the ''de facto'' unification of Spain as a nation-state.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain pioneered the exploration of the New World, made the first circumnavigation of the globe and formed one of the largest empires in history. The Spanish empire reached a global scale and spread across all continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by precious metals. In the 18th century, the Bourbon reforms centralized mainland Spain. In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic occupation and the victorious Spanish War of independence, the following political divisions between liberals and absolutists led to the breakaway of most of the American colonies. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the Spanish Civil War, giving rise to the Francoist dictatorship that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an economic boom that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the ''Siglo de Oro'', Spanish art, architecture, music, poetry, painting, literature, and cuisine have been influential worldwide, particularly in Western Europe and the Americas. As a reflection of its large cultural wealth, Spain is the world's second-most visited country, has one of the world's largest numbers of World Heritage Sites, and it is the most popular destination for European students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million Hispanophones, making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language and the world's most widely spoken Romance language.
Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. A developed country, it is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the fifteenth-largest by PPP. Spain is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a permanent guest of the G20, and is part of many other international organizations such as the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Provided by Wikipedia
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181by Sanz-Sáez, Isabel, Salazar, Guillem, Sánchez, Pablo, Lara, Elena, Royo-Llonch, Marta, Sà, Elisabet L, Lucena, Teresa, Pujalte, María J, Vaqué, Dolors, Duarte, Carlos M., Gasol, Josep M, Pedrós-Alió, Carlos, Sánchez, Olga, Acinas, Silvia GContributors: “..., Spain....”
Published in BMC Microbiology (2020)
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182by Sanz-Sáez, Isabel, Salazar, Guillem, Sánchez, Pablo, Lara, Elena, Royo-Llonch, Marta, Sà, Elisabet L., Lucena, Teresa, Pujalte, María J., Vaqué, Dolors, Duarte, Carlos M., Gasol, Josep M., Pedrós-Alió, Carlos, Sánchez, Olga, Acinas, Silvia G.Contributors: “..., Spain....”
Published 2020
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183by Rodriguez,E. M.Contributors: “...INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE TECNICA AEROESPACIAL MADRID (SPAIN)...”
Published 1983
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184Study of Aerospace Materials, Coatings, Adhesions and Processes. Aircraft Icing Processes. Volume 2.by Rodriguez,E MContributors: “...INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE TECNICA AEROESPACIAL MADRID (SPAIN)...”
Published 1984
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185by Hillenbrand, C.-D., Crowhurst, S.J., Williams, M., Hodell, D.A., McCave, I.N., Ehrmann, W., Xuan, C., Piotrowski, A.M., Hernández-Molina, F.J., Graham, A.G.C., Grobe, H., Williams, T.J., Horrocks, J.R., Allen, C.S., Larter, R.D.Contributors: “...Government of Spain Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2021)
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186by De Castro-Fernández, Paula, Angulo-Preckler, Carlos, García-Aljaro, Cristina, Avila, Conxita, Cutignano, AdeleContributors: “..., Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain...”
Published in Marine Drugs (2023)
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187by Schmitz, B., Pujalte, V., Molina, E., Monechi, S., Orue-Etxebarria, X., Speijer, R. P., Alegret, L., Apellaniz, E., Arenillas, I., Aubry, M. P., Baceta, J. I., Berggren, W. A., Bernaola, G., Caballero, F., Clemmensen, A., Dinarès-Turell, J., Dupuis, C., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Orús, A. H., Knox, R., Martín-Rubio, M., Ortiz, S., Payros, A., Petrizzo, M. R., von Salis, K., Sprong, J., Steurbaut, E., Thomsen, E.Contributors: “... Bilbao, Spain...”
Published in Paleoceanography (2011)
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188by Espada Ruíz, R., Olaya-Ponzone, L., García-Gómez, J.C.Contributors: “...Port Authority of Seville, the Aquarium of Seville and the University of Seville, Spain...”
Published in Regional Studies in Marine Science (2018)
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189by Tovar-Sánchez, Antonio, González-Ortegón, Enrique, Duarte, Carlos M.Contributors: “..., Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2018)
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190by Ariza, A., Landeira, J.M., Escánez, A., Wienerroither, R., Aguilar de Soto, N., Røstad, Anders, Kaartvedt, S., Hernández-León, S.Contributors: “..., Spain...”
Published in Journal of Marine Systems (2016)
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191by Arrieta, J M, Duarte, Carlos M., Sala, M. Montserrat, Dachs, JordiContributors: “... Investigaciones Científicas/Universitat de les Illes Balears, Esporles, Spain...”
Published in Frontiers in Microbiology (2016)
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192by Arntz, Wolf, Thatje, Sven, Gerdes, Dieter, Gili, Josep Maria, Gutt, Julian, Jacob, Ute, Montiel, Americo, Orejas, Covadonga, Teixidó, NúriaContributors: “...Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears Palma, Spain (COB)...”
Published in Scientia Marina (2005)
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193by Munoz-Atienza, Estefania, Araujo, Carlos, Lluch, Nuria, Hernandez, Pablo E., Herranz, Carmen, Cintas, Luis M., Magadan, SusanaContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Fish & Shellfish Immunology (2015)
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194by Vallecillos Quijada, Antonio, María Dolores Pedrero, Emilio, Villa, Javier, Rueda González, Francisco Miguel, Carrillo, José, Ramis Vidal, Guillermo, Soula, Mohamed, Afonso López, Juan Manuel, Armero Ibáñez, EvaContributors: “...Avramar S.L. Región de Murcia (Spain)...”
Published in Fishes
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195by Fučkar, Neven S., Guemas, Virginie, Johnson, Nathaniel C., Doblas-Reyes, Francisco J.Contributors: “...Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain...”
Published in Climate Dynamics (2018)
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196by Parages, María L., Heinrich, Sandra, Wiencke, Christian, Jiménez, CarlosContributors: “...Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain...”
Published in Environmental and Experimental Botany (2013)
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197by Ragnarsson, Stefán Áki, Thorarinsdóttir, Gudrún G., Gunnarsson, KarlContributors: “...Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas in Vigo, Spain...”
Published in Marine Environmental Research (2015)
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198Website Development and Digital Skill: The State of Traditional Media in European Minority Languagesby Zabaleta, Iñaki, Gutierrez, Arantza, Ferre-Pavia, Carme, Fernandez, Itxaso, Urrutia, Santi, Xamardo, NikolasContributors: “...University of the Basque Country on evaluation by National Research Evaluation Committee of Spain...”
Published 2013
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199Contributors: “...Government of Spain...”
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200by Román, Alejandro, Navarro, Gabriel, Tovar-Sánchez, Antonio, Zarandona, Pedro, Roque-Atienza, David, Barbero, LuisContributors: “...), Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Puerto Real, 11510, Spain...”
Published in Scientific Data (2024)
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