Sand
![Sand [[dune](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Libya_4608_Idehan_Ubari_Dunes_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg)
The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Calcium carbonate is the second most common type of sand, for example, aragonite, which has mostly been created, over the past 500million years, by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. For example, it is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years, as in the Caribbean. Somewhat more rarely, sand may be composed of calcium sulfate, such as gypsum and selenite, as is found in places such as White Sands National Park and Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S.
Sand is a non-renewable resource over human timescales, and sand suitable for making concrete is in high demand. Desert sand, although plentiful, is not suitable for concrete. Fifty billion tons of beach sand and fossil sand are used each year for construction. Provided by Wikipedia
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721by C. H. Whaley, R. Mahmood, K. von Salzen, B. Winter, S. Eckhardt, S. Arnold, S. Beagley, S. Becagli, R.-Y. Chien, J. Christensen, S. M. Damani, X. Dong, K. Eleftheriadis, N. Evangeliou, G. Faluvegi, M. Flanner, J. S. Fu, M. Gauss, F. Giardi, W. Gong, J. L. Hjorth, L. Huang, U. Im, Y. Kanaya, S. Krishnan, Z. Klimont, T. Kühn, J. Langner, K. S. Law, L. Marelle, A. Massling, D. Olivié, T. Onishi, N. Oshima, Y. Peng, D. A. Plummer, O. Popovicheva, L. Pozzoli, J.-C. Raut, M. Sand, L. N. Saunders, J. Schmale, S. Sharma, R. B. Skeie, H. Skov, F. Taketani, M. A. ThomasGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2022)
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722by Whaley, CH, Mahmood, R, von Salzen, K, Winter, B, Eckhardt, S, Arnold, S, Beagley, S, Becagli, S, Chien, R-Y, Christensen, J, Damani, SM, Dong, X, Eleftheriadis, K, Evangeliou, N, Faluvegi, G, Flanner, M, Fu, JS, Gauss, M, Giardi, F, Gong, W, Hjorth, JL, Huang, L, Im, U, Kanaya, Y, Krishnan, S, Klimont, Z, Kühn, T, Langner, J, Law, KS, Marelle, L, Massling, A, Olivié, D, Onishi, T, Oshima, N, Peng, Y, Plummer, DA, Popovicheva, O, Pozzoli, L, Raut, J-C, Sand, M, Saunders, LN, Schmale, J, Sharma, S, Skeie, RB, Skov, H, Taketani, F, Thomas, MA, Traversi, R, Tsigaridis, K, Tsyro, SGet access
Published 2022
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723by Schubert, Mikkel, Jónsson, Hákon, Chang, Dan, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Ermini, Luca, Ginolhac, Aurélien, Albrechtsen, Anders, Dupanloup, Isabelle, Foucal, Adrien, Petersen, Bent, Fumagalli, Matteo, Raghavan, Maanasa, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Velazquez, Amhed M.V., Stenderup, Jesper, Hoover, Cindi A, Rubin, Carl-Johan, Alfarhan, Ahmed H, Alquraishi, Saleh A, Al-Rasheid, Khaled A S, MacHugh, David E, Kalbfleisch, Ted, MacLeod, James N, Rubin, Edward M, Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Andersson, Leif, Hofreiter, Michael, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Nielsen, Rasmus, Excoffier, Laurent, Willerslev, Eske, Shapiro, Beth, Orlando, Ludovic Antoine AlexandreGet access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2014)
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724by Knut von Salzen, Cynthia H. Whaley, Susan C. Anenberg, Rita Van Dingenen, Zbigniew Klimont, Mark G. Flanner, Rashed Mahmood, Stephen R. Arnold, Stephen Beagley, Rong-You Chien, Jesper H. Christensen, Sabine Eckhardt, Annica M. L. Ekman, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Greg Faluvegi, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Wanmin Gong, Jens L. Hjorth, Ulas Im, Srinath Krishnan, Kaarle Kupiainen, Thomas Kühn, Joakim Langner, Kathy S. Law, Louis Marelle, Dirk Olivié, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Yiran Peng, David Plummer, Luca Pozzoli, Shilpa Rao, Jean-Christophe Raut, Maria Sand, Julia Schmale, Michael Sigmond, Manu A. Thomas, Kostas Tsigaridis, Svetlana Tsyro, Steven T. Turnock, Minqi Wang, Barbara WinterGet access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2022)
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725by Knut von Salzen, Cynthia H. Whaley, Susan C. Anenberg, Rita Van Dingenen, Zbigniew Klimont, Mark G. Flanner, Rashed Mahmood, Stephen R. Arnold, Stephen Beagley, Rong-You Chien, Jesper H. Christensen, Sabine Eckhardt, Annica M. L. Ekman, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Greg Faluvegi, Joshua S. Fu, Michael Gauss, Wanmin Gong, Jens L. Hjorth, Ulas Im, Srinath Krishnan, Kaarle Kupiainen, Thomas Kühn, Joakim Langner, Kathy S. Law, Louis Marelle, Dirk Olivié, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Yiran Peng, David Plummer, Luca Pozzoli, Shilpa Rao, Jean-Christophe Raut, Maria Sand, Julia Schmale, Michael Sigmond, Manu A. Thomas, Kostas Tsigaridis, Svetlana Tsyro, Steven T. Turnock, Minqi Wang, Barbara WinterGet access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2022)
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726by von Salzen, Knut, Whaley, Cynthia H., Anenberg, Susan C., Van Dingenen, Rita, Klimont, Zbigniew, Flanner, Mark G., Mahmood, Rashed, Arnold, Stephen R., Beagley, Stephen, Chien, Rong-You, Christensen, Jesper H., Eckhardt, Sabine, Ekman, Annica M. L., Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Faluvegi, Greg, Fu, Joshua S., Gauss, Michael, Gong, Wanmin, Hjorth, Jens L., Im, Ulas, Krishnan, Srinath, Kupiainen, Kaarle, Kühn, Thomas, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Marelle, Louis, Olivié, Dirk, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Paunu, Ville-Veikko, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Rao, Shilpa, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sigmond, Michael, Thomas, Manu A., Tsigaridis, Kostas, Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, Steven T., Wang, Minqi, Winter, BarbaraGet access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2022)
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727by VON SALZEN Knut, WHALEY Cynthia, ANENBERG Susan, VAN DINGENEN Rita, KLIMONT Zbigniew, FLANNER Mark, MAHMOOD Rashed, ARNOLD Stephen, BEAGLEY Stephen, CHIEN Rong-You, CHRISTENSEN Jesper, ECKHARDT Sabine, EKMAN Annica M. L., EVANGELIOU Nikolaos, FALUVEGI Greg, FU Joshua, GAUSS Michael, GONG W, HJORTH Jens, IM Ulas, KRISHNAN Srinath, KUPIAINEN Kaarle, KÜHN Thomas, LANGNER J., LAW Kathy S., MARELLE Louis, OLIVIÉ Dirk, ONISHI Tatsou, OSHIMA Naga, PAUNU Ville-Veikko, PENG Yiran, PLUMMER David, POZZOLI Luca, RAO-SKIRBEKK Shilpa, RAUT Jean-Christophe, SAND Maria, SCHMALE Julia, SIGMOND Michael, THOMAS Manu A., TSIGARIDIS Kostas, TSYRO S., TURNOCK Steven, WANG Minqi, WINTER BarbaraGet access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2022)
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728by Kjær, Kurt H., Winther Pedersen, Mikkel, De Sanctis, Bianca, De Cahsan, Binia, Korneliussen, Thorfinn S., Michelsen, Christian S., Sand, Karina K., Jelavić, Stanislav, Ruter, Anthony H., Schmidt, Astrid M. A., Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Tesakov, Alexey S., Snowball, Ian, Gosse, John C., Alsos, Inger G., Wang, Yucheng, Dockter, Christoph, Rasmussen, Magnus, Jørgensen, Morten E., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Prohaska, Ana, Kristensen, Jeppe Å., Bjerager, Morten, Allentoft, Morten E., Coissac, Eric, Alsos, Inger Greve, Rouillard, Alexandra, Simakova, Alexandra, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Bowler, Chris, Macias-Fauria, Marc, Vinner, Lasse, Welch, John J., Hidy, Alan J., Sikora, Martin, Collins, Matthew J., Durbin, Richard, Larsen, Nicolaj K., Willerslev, EskeGet access
Published in Nature (2022)
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729by Kjær, Kurt H., Pedersen, Mikkel Winther, De Sanctis, Bianca, De Cahsan, Binia, Korneliussen, Thorfinn S., Michelsen, Christian S., Sand, Karina K., Jelavić, Stanislav, Ruter, Anthony H., Schmidt, Astrid M. A., Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Tesakov, Alexey S., Snowball, Ian, Gosse, John C., Alsos, Inger G., Wang, Yucheng, Dockter, Christoph, Rasmussen, Magnus, Jørgensen, Morten E., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Prohaska, Ana, Kristensen, Jeppe Å., Bjerager, Morten, Allentoft, Morten E., Coissac, Eric, Rouillard, Alexandra, Simakova, Alexandra, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Bowler, Chris, Macias-Fauria, Marc, Vinner, Lasse, Welch, John J., Hidy, Alan J., Sikora, Martin, Collins, Matthew J., Durbin, Richard, Larsen, Nicolaj K., Willerslev, EskeGet access
Published in Nature (2022)
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730by Kjær, Kurt H., Winther Pedersen, Mikkel, De Sanctis, Bianca, De Cahsan, Binia, Korneliussen, Thorfinn S., Michelsen, Christian S., Sand, Karina K., Jelavić, Stanislav, Ruter, Anthony H., Schmidt, Astrid M. A., Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Tesakov, Alexey S., Snowball, Ian, Gosse, John C., Alsos, Inger Greve, Wang, Yucheng, Dockter, Christoph, Rasmussen, Magnus, Jørgensen, Morten E., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Prohaska, Ana, Kristensen, Jeppe Å., Bjerager, Morten, Allentoft, Morten E., Coissac, Eric, Rouillard, Alexandra, Simakova, Alexandra, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Bowler, Chris, Macias-Fauria, Marc, Vinner, Lasse, Welch, John J., Hidy, Alan J., Sikora, Martin, Collins, Matthew J., Durbin, Richard, Larsen, Nicolaj K., Willerslev, EskeGet access
Published in Nature (2022)
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731by Kjær, Kurt H., Winther Pedersen, Mikkel, De Sanctis, Bianca, De Cahsan, Binia, Korneliussen, Thorfinn S., Michelsen, Christian S., Sand, Karina K., Jelavić, Stanislav, Ruter, Anthony H., Schmidt, Astrid M. A., Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Tesakov, Alexey S., Snowball, Ian, Gosse, John C., Alsos, Inger G., Wang, Yucheng, Dockter, Christoph, Rasmussen, Magnus, Jørgensen, Morten E., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Prohaska, Ana, Kristensen, Jeppe Å., Bjerager, Morten, Allentoft, Morten E., Coissac, Eric, Rouillard, Alexandra, Simakova, Alexandra, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Bowler, Chris, Macias-Fauria, Marc, Vinner, Lasse, Welch, John J., Hidy, Alan J., Sikora, Martin, Collins, Matthew J., Durbin, Richard, Larsen, Nicolaj K., Willerslev, EskeGet access
Published in Nature (2022)
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732by Whaley, Cynthia, Mahmood, Rashed, von Salzen, Knut, Winter, Barbara, Eckhardt, Sabine, Arnold, Stephen, Beagley, Stephen, Becagli, Silvia, Chien, Rong-You, Christensen, Jesper, Damani, Sujay, Eleftheriadis, Kostas, Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Faluvegi, Gregory, Flanner, Mark, Fu, Joshua, Gauss, Michael, Giardi, Fabio, Gong, Wanmin, Hjorth, Jens, Huang, Lin, Im, Ulas, Kanaya, Yugo, Krishnan, Srinath, Klimont, Zbigniew, Kühn, Thomas, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Marelle, Louis, Massling, Andreas, Olivié, Dirk, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Popovicheva, Olga, Pozzoli, Luca, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Saunders, Laura, Schmale, Julia, Sharma, Sangeeta, Skov, Henrik, Taketani, Fumikazu, Thomas, Manu, Traversi, Rita, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, Steven, Vitale, VitoGet access
Published 2021
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733by Kjær, Kurt H., Winther Pedersen, Mikkel, De Sanctis, Bianca, De Cahsan, Binia, Korneliussen, Thorfinn S., Michelsen, Christian S., Sand, Karina K., Jelavić, Stanislav, Ruter, Anthony H., Schmidt, Astrid M. A., Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Tesakov, Alexey S., Snowball, Ian, Gosse, John C., Alsos, Inger G., Wang, Yucheng, Dockter, Christoph, Rasmussen, Magnus, Jørgensen, Morten E., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Prohaska, Ana, Kristensen, Jeppe Å., Bjerager, Morten, Allentoft, Morten E., Coissac, Eric, Rouillard, Alexandra, Simakova, Alexandra, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Bowler, Chris, Macias-Fauria, Marc, Vinner, Lasse, Welch, John J., Hidy, Alan J., Sikora, Martin, Collins, Matthew J., Durbin, Richard, Larsen, Nicolaj K., Willerslev, EskeGet access
Published 2023
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734by Kjær, Kurt H, Winther Pedersen, Mikkel, De Sanctis, Bianca, De Cahsan, Binia, Korneliussen, Thorfinn S, Michelsen, Christian S, Sand, Karina K, Jelavić, Stanislav, Ruter, Anthony H, Schmidt, Astrid MA, Kjeldsen, Kristian K, Tesakov, Alexey S, Snowball, Ian, Gosse, John C, Alsos, Inger G, Wang, Yucheng, Dockter, Christoph, Rasmussen, Magnus, Jørgensen, Morten E, Skadhauge, Birgitte, Prohaska, Ana, Kristensen, Jeppe Å, Bjerager, Morten, Allentoft, Morten E, Coissac, Eric, PhyloNorway Consortium, Rouillard, Alexandra, Simakova, Alexandra, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Bowler, Chris, Macias-Fauria, Marc, Vinner, Lasse, Welch, John J, Hidy, Alan J, Sikora, Martin, Collins, Matthew J, Durbin, Richard, Larsen, Nicolaj K, Willerslev, EskeGet access
Published 2022
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735by Kjær, Kurt H., Winther Pedersen, Mikkel, De Sanctis, Bianca, De Cahsan, Binia, Korneliussen, Thorfinn S., Michelsen, Christian S., Sand, Karina K., Jelavić, Stanislav, Ruter, Anthony H., Schmidt, Astrid A., Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Tesakov, Alexey S., Snowball, Ian, Gosse, John C., Alsos, Inger G., Wang, Yucheng, Dockter, Christoph, Rasmussen, Magnus, Jørgensen, Morten E., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Prohaska, Ana, Kristensen, Jeppe Å., Bjerager, Morten, Allentoft, Morten E., Coissac, Eric, Alsos, Inger Greve, Rouillard, Alexandra, Simakova, Alexandra, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Bowler, Chris, Macias-Fauria, Marc, Vinner, Lasse, Welch, John J., Hidy, Alan J., Sikora, Martin, Collins, Matthew J., Durbin, Richard, Larsen, Nicolaj K., Willerslev, EskeGet access
Published in Nature (2022)
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736by von Salzen, Knut, Whaley, Cynthia H., Anenberg, Susan C., Van Dingenen, Rita, Klimont, Zbigniew, Flanner, Mark G., Mahmood, Rashed, Arnold, Stephen R., Beagley, Stephen, Chien, Rong-You, Christensen, Jesper H., Eckhardt, Sabine, Ekman, Annica M. L., Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Faluvegi, Greg, Fu, Joshua S., Gauss, Michael, Gong, Wanmin, Hjorth, Jens L., Im, Ulas, Krishnan, Srinath, Kupiainen, Kaarle, Kühn, Thomas, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Marelle, Louis, Olivié, Dirk, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Paunu, Ville-Veikko, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Rao, Shilpa, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sigmond, Michael, Thomas, Manu A., Tsigaridis, Kostas, Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, Steven T., Wang, Minqi, Winter, BarbaraGet access
Published 2022
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737by von Salzen, Knut, Whaley, Cynthia, H., Anenberg, Susan, C., van Dingenen, Rita, Klimont, Zbigniew, Flanner, Mark, G., Mahmood, Rashed, Arnold, Stephen, R., Beagley, Stephen, Chien, Rong-You, Christensen, Jesper, H., Eckhardt, Sabine, Ekman, Annica, M. L., Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Faluvegi, Greg, Fu, Joshua, S., Gauss, Michael, Gong, Wanmin, Hjorth, Jens, L., Im, Ulas, Krishnan, Srinath, Kupiainen, Kaarle, Kühn, Thomas, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Marelle, Louis, Olivié, Dirk, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Paunu, Ville-Veikko, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Rao, Shilpa, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sigmond, Michael, Thomas, Manu, A., Tsigaridis, Kostas, Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, Steven, T., Wang, Minqi, Winter, BarbaraGet access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2022)
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738by von Salzen, Knut, Whaley, Cynthia, H., Anenberg, Susan, C., van Dingenen, Rita, Klimont, Zbigniew, Flanner, Mark, G., Mahmood, Rashed, Arnold, Stephen, R., Beagley, Stephen, Chien, Rong-You, Christensen, Jesper, H., Eckhardt, Sabine, Ekman, Annica, M. L., Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Faluvegi, Greg, Fu, Joshua, S., Gauss, Michael, Gong, Wanmin, Hjorth, Jens, L., Im, Ulas, Krishnan, Srinath, Kupiainen, Kaarle, Kühn, Thomas, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Marelle, Louis, Olivié, Dirk, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Paunu, Ville-Veikko, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Rao, Shilpa, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sigmond, Michael, Thomas, Manu, A., Tsigaridis, Kostas, Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, Steven, T., Wang, Minqi, Winter, BarbaraGet access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2022)
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739by von Salzen, Knut, Whaley, Cynthia, H., Anenberg, Susan, C., van Dingenen, Rita, Klimont, Zbigniew, Flanner, Mark, G., Mahmood, Rashed, Arnold, Stephen, R., Beagley, Stephen, Chien, Rong-You, Christensen, Jesper, H., Eckhardt, Sabine, Ekman, Annica, M. L., Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Faluvegi, Greg, Fu, Joshua, S., Gauss, Michael, Gong, Wanmin, Hjorth, Jens, L., Im, Ulas, Krishnan, Srinath, Kupiainen, Kaarle, Kühn, Thomas, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Marelle, Louis, Olivié, Dirk, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Paunu, Ville-Veikko, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Rao, Shilpa, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sigmond, Michael, Thomas, Manu, A., Tsigaridis, Kostas, Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, Steven, T., Wang, Minqi, Winter, BarbaraGet access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2022)
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740by von Salzen, Knut, Whaley, Cynthia, H., Anenberg, Susan, C., van Dingenen, Rita, Klimont, Zbigniew, Flanner, Mark, G., Mahmood, Rashed, Arnold, Stephen, R., Beagley, Stephen, Chien, Rong-You, Christensen, Jesper, H., Eckhardt, Sabine, Ekman, Annica, M. L., Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Faluvegi, Greg, Fu, Joshua, S., Gauss, Michael, Gong, Wanmin, Hjorth, Jens, L., Im, Ulas, Krishnan, Srinath, Kupiainen, Kaarle, Kühn, Thomas, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Marelle, Louis, Olivié, Dirk, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Paunu, Ville-Veikko, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Rao, Shilpa, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sigmond, Michael, Thomas, Manu, A., Tsigaridis, Kostas, Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, Steven, T., Wang, Minqi, Winter, BarbaraGet access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2022)
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