Russia
![Yamnaya](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg)
The East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated; the Grand Duchy of Moscow led the unification of Russian lands, leading to the proclamation of the Tsardom of Russia in 1547. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR—the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet republics, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space.
In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and its war with Ukraine since 2014, which has involved the internationally unrecognised annexations of Ukrainian territory including Crimea in 2014 and four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion.
Russia is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, and WTO; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as CIS, CSTO, and EAEU/EEU. It possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. Russia is generally considered a great power and is a regional power. Internationally, Russia ranks very low in measurements of democracy, human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. As of 2024, Russia has a high-income economy which ranks eleventh in the world by nominal GDP and sixth at purchasing power parity, relying on its vast mineral and energy resources; the world's second-largest for oil production and natural gas production. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Provided by Wikipedia
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301Contributors: “...the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia (RAS)...”
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302Contributors: “...the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia (RAS)...”
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303by Yagova, N., Pilipenko, V., Lanzerotti, L., Engebretson, M., Rodger, A., Lepidi, S., Papitashvili, V.Contributors: “...Yagova, N.; Institute of the Physics of the Earth, Moscow, Russia...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research (2004)
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304by Potapov, G. S., Kondakov, A. V., Spitsyn, V. M., Filippov, B. Yu., Kolosova, Yu. S., Zubrii, N. A., Bolotov, I. N.Contributors: “...President of Russia Grant Council...”
Published in Polar Biology (2017)
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305by Shevchenko, Alina V., Dvigalo, Viktor N., Walter, Thomas R., Mania, René, Maccaferri, Francesco, Svirid, Ilya Yu., Belousov, Alexander, Belousova, Marina G.Contributors: “...Institute of Volcanology and Seismology Russia...”
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2020)
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306by Orgogozo, Laurent, Grenier, Christophe, Quintard, Michel, Pokrovsky, Oleg S., Goddéris, Yves, Viers, Jérôme, Labat, David, Audry, Stéphane, Prokushkin, Anatoly S.Contributors: “...Russian academy of sciences (RUSSIA)...”
Published 2016
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307by Maschenko, Evgeny N., Potapova, Olga R., Vershinina, Alisa, Shapiro, Beth, Streletskaya, Irina D., Vasiliev, Alexander A., Oblogov, Gleb E., Kharlamova, Anastasia S., Potapov, Eugene, van der Plicht, J., Tikhonov, Alexey N., Serdyuk, Natalia V., Tarasenko, Konstantin K.Contributors: “...International Mammoth Committee, Moscow, Russia...”
Published in Quaternary International (2017)
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308Contributors: “...Kolodnikova, N. V.; Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Tomsk, Russia...”
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309by de la Vara, Alba, Cabos, William, Sein, Dmitry V., Teichmann, Claas, Jacob, DanielaContributors: “...Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia...”
Published in Climate Dynamics (2021)
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310by Bespalaya, Yulia, Bolotov, Ivan, Aksenova, Olga, Kondakov, Alexander, Spitsyn, Vitaly, Kogut, Yaroslava, Sokolova, SvetlanaContributors: “...grants from the President of Russia...”
Published in Polar Biology (2017)
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312by Gorbarenko, Sergey A., Yanchenko, Elena A., Psheneva, Ol’ga Yu, Harada, Naomi, Bosin, Aleksandr A., Artemova, Antonina V., Vasilenko, Yuriy P.Contributors: “...Russian Science Foundation, Russia...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2020)
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313Contributors: “...“Russian Harbours of Transarctic Route: Space and Societies of Russia’s Arctic Coast on the Eve...”
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314by Boitsov, Stepan, Petrova, Vera, Jensen, Henning K.B., Kursheva, Anna, Litvinenko, Ivan, Chen, Yifeng, Klungsøyr, JarleContributors: “...Academician I.S. Gramberg All-Russia Research Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources...”
Published in Marine Environmental Research (2011)
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315by Malavenda, Sergey S, Malavenda, Svetlana V, Chovgan, OlgaContributors: “...Ministry of Education and Science of Russia...”
Published in ICES Journal of Marine Science (2019)
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316by Mamkin, Vadim, Kurbatova, Julia, Avilov, Vitaly, Ivanov, Dmitry, Kuricheva, Olga, Varlagin, Andrej, Yaseneva, Irina, Olchev, AlexanderContributors: “... and biological resources of Russia”...”
Published in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (2019)
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317by A. A. Krylov, S. A. Malyshev, V. A. Bogin, V. Yu. Zakharov, E. A. Gusev, A. S. Makarov, А. А. Крылов, С. А. Малышев, В. А. Богин, В. Ю. Захаров, Е. А. Гусев, А. С. МакаровContributors: “...This work was funded by a subsidy from the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia (RFMEFI61619...”
Published in Arctic and Antarctic Research (2020)
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318by N. S. Pivovarova, T. S. Shebitchenko, O. N. Abrosimova, Н. С. Пивоварова, Т. С. Шебитченко, О. Н. АбросимоваContributors: “... of the Ministry of Health of Russia" under agreement No. 075-15-2021-685 dated July 26, 2021 with financial...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2022)
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319by T. A. Korolenko, A. B. Shintyapina, A. B. Pupyshev, A. A. Akopyan, G. S. Russkikh, M. A. Dikovskaya, V. A. Vavilin, E. L Zavjalov, M. A. Tikhonova, T. G. Amstislavskaya, Т. А. Короленко, А. Б. Шинтяпина, А. Б. Пупышев, А. А. Акопян, Г. С. Русских, М. А. Диковская, В. А. Вавилин, Е. Л. Завьялов, М. А. Тихонова, Т. Г. АмстиславскаяContributors: “... Research (Russia), to T.A.K., budget from the project No. 0538-2014-0009 of the Scientific Research...”
Published in Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding (2019)
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320Contributors: “...the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia (RAS)...”
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