Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil; or ) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in North America), pronounced as three separate letters ( ).The abbreviation DPhil, for "Doctor of Philosophy", is used by the University of Oxford. Additionally, it was formerly used by the University of York and University of Sussex in the United Kingdom.
PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and, in some cases, defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, the completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist.
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24by Joykrishna Sarkar, MSc, Lisa M. Lix, PhD; Sharon Bruce, PhD, T. Kue Young, MD, PhDGet access
Published 2010
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25by N. V. Borisova, PhD, P. G. Petrova, PhD, ScD, Ganna A. Egorova, PhD, ScD, Leonid A. Aprosimov, PhDGet access
Published 2012
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26by Antoine Géry PharmD, Christelle Dubreule MSc, Véronique André PharmD, PhD, Jean-Philippe Rioult PharmD, PhD, Valérie Bouchart PhD, Natacha Heutte PhD, Philippe Eldin de Pécoulas PharmD, PhD, Tetyana Krivomaz PhD, David Garon PharmD, PhDGet access
Published in Integrative Cancer Therapies (2018)
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27by Alaska Fairbanks, B.M.B K L D, M V P ), M.D Quintin J Quinones, Ph.D Zhiquan Zhang, Ph.D Qing Ma, M.D Michael P Smith, M.S Erik Soderblom, Ph.D M Arthur Moseley, Ph.D James Bain, Ph.D Christopher B Newgard, Ph.D Michael J Muehlbauer, Ph.D Matthew Hirschey, Ph.D Kelly L Drew, Ph.D Brian M Barnes, Ph.D Mihai V PodgoreanuGet access
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29by Celina Carter MN, Jennifer L. Lapum PhD, Lynn F. Lavallée PhD, Lori Schindel Martin PhDGet access
Published in International Journal of Qualitative Methods (2014)
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32by Béatrice Bocquet, PhD, Hicham El Alami Trebki, MD, Anne Françoise Roux, PharmD, PhD, Gilles Labesse, PhD, Philippe Brabet, PhD, Carl Arndt, MD, PhD, Xavier Zanlonghi, MD, Sabine Defoort-Dhellemmes, MD, Dalil Hamroun, PhD, Céline Boulicot-Séguin, MD, Léopoldine Lequeux, MD, Marie Christine Picot, MD, Hélèna Huguet, Isabelle Audo, MD, PhD, Claire Marie Dhaenens, PharmD, PhD, Vasiliki Kalatzis, PhD, Isabelle Meunier, MD, PhDGet access
Published in Ophthalmology Science (2021)
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