Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil; or ) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in North America), pronounced as three separate letters ( ).The abbreviation DPhil, for "Doctor of Philosophy", is used by the University of Oxford. Additionally, it was formerly used by the University of York and University of Sussex in the United Kingdom.
PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and, in some cases, defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, the completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist.
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186by Kianoush Dehghani, MD, Zhiyi Lan, MSc, Peizhi Li, MSc, Sascha Wilk Michelsen, PhD, Sean Waites, BA, Andrea Benedetti, PhD, Pierre Lejeune, BPs, Jill Torrie, MA, Elizabeth Robinson, MD, Berenica Vejvoda, MISt, Muhammad Mullah, PhD, Diana Redwood, PhD, Michael Cooper, MD, Anne Fanning, FRCPC, Wadieh Yacoub, MD, Gonzalo G Alvarez, MD, Bolette Søborg, PhD, Richard Long, MD, Dick Menzies, MDGet access
Published in The Lancet Public Health (2018)
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190by Madonna M. Roche, MSc, Peizhong Peter Wang, MD, PhDGet access
Published in Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology (2014)
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200by Heather Castleden, PhD, Robert Watson, MES, Tui’kn PartnershipGet access
Published in Preventing Chronic Disease (2016)
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