Karl Marx
![Marx in 1875](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Karl_Marx_001_%28rotated%29.jpg)
Born in Trier in the Kingdom of Prussia, Marx studied at the universities of Bonn, Berlin, and Jena, and received a doctorate in philosophy from the latter in 1841. A Young Hegelian, he was influenced by the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and both critiqued and developed Hegel's ideas in works such as ''The German Ideology'' (written 1846) and the ''Grundrisse'' (written 1857–1858). While in Paris in 1844, Marx wrote his ''Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts'' and met Engels, who became his closest friend and collaborator. After moving to Brussels in 1845, they were active in the Communist League, and in 1848 wrote ''The Communist Manifesto'', which expresses Marx's ideas and lays out a programme for revolution. Marx was expelled from Belgium and Germany, and in 1849 moved to London, where he wrote ''The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte'' (1852) and . From 1864, Marx was involved in the International Workingmen's Association (First International), in which he fought the influence of anarchists led by Mikhail Bakunin. In his ''Critique of the Gotha Programme'' (1875), Marx wrote on revolution, the state and the transition to communism. He died stateless in 1883 and was buried in Highgate Cemetery.
Marx's critiques of history, society and political economy hold that human societies develop through class conflict. In the capitalist mode of production, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control the means of production and the working classes (known as the proletariat) that enable these means by selling their labour power in return for wages. Employing his historical materialist approach, Marx predicted that capitalism produced internal tensions like previous socioeconomic systems and that these tensions would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system known as the socialist mode of production. For Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism—owing in part to its instability and crisis-prone nature—would eventuate the working class's development of class consciousness, leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a classless, communist society constituted by a free association of producers. Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised proletarian revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic emancipation.
Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in Modern era, and his work has been both lauded and criticised. Marxism has exerted major influence on socialist thought and political movements, and during the 20th century revolutionary governments identifying as Marxist took power in many countries and established socialist states including the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. Theoretical variants such as Leninism, Marxism–Leninism, Trotskyism, and Maoism have been developed. Marx's work in economics has had a strong influence on modern heterodox theories of labour and capital, and he is often cited as one of the principal architects of modern social science. Provided by Wikipedia
-
641by Di Celma C., Pierantoni P. P., Malinverno E., Collareta A., Lambert O., Landini W., Bosio G., Gariboldi K., Gioncada A., de Muizon C., Molli G., Marx F. G., Varas-Malca R. M., Urbina M., Bianucci G.Contributors: “...Marx, F...”
Published in Journal of Maps (2019)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
642by Di Celma, C, Pierantoni, P. P., Malinverno, E., Collareta, A., Lambert, O., Landini, W., Bosio, G., Gariboldi, K., Gioncada, A., de Muizon, C., Molli, C., Marx, F. G., Varas-Malca R. M., Urbina M., Bianucci, G.Contributors: “...Marx, F. G....”
Published in Journal of Maps (2019)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
643by Hocking, David P., Marx, Felix G., Wang, Shibo, Burton, David, Thompson, Mark, Park, Travis, Burville, Ben, Richards, Hazel L., Sattler, Renae, Robbins, James, Miguez, Roberto Portela, Fitzgerald, Erich M. G., Slip, David J., Evans, Alistair R.Get access
Published in Current Biology (2021)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
644by Di Celma, C., Pierantoni, P., P, Malinverno, E., Collareta, A., Lambert, O., Landini, W., Bosio, G., Gariboldi, K., Gioncada, A., de Muizon, C., Molli, G., Marx, F., G, Varas-Malca, R., M, Urbina, M., Bianucci, G.Get access
Published in Journal of Maps (2019)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
645by Di Celma, C., Pierantoni, P., P, Malinverno, E., Collareta, A., Lambert, O., Landini, W., Bosio, G., Gariboldi, K., Gioncada, A., de Muizon, C., Molli, G., Marx, F., G, Varas-Malca, R., M, Urbina, M., Bianucci, G.Get access
Published in Journal of Maps (2019)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
646by Mehta, AV, Allen, JM, Constantine, R, Garrigue, C, Jann, B, Jenner, C, Marx, MK, Matkin, CO, Mattila, DK, Minton, G, Mizroch, SA, Olavarria, C, Robbins, J, Russell, KG, Seton, RE, Steiger, GH, Vikingsson, GA, Wade, PR, Witteveen, BH, Clapham, PJGet access
Published in Marine Ecology Progress Series (2007)
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
647by Giulia Bosio (842632), Alberto Collareta (744357), Claudio Di Celma (537125), Olivier Lambert (25010), Felix G. Marx (3189630), Christian de Muizon (384569), Anna Gioncada (744356), Karen Gariboldi (744354), Elisa Malinverno (744355), Rafael Varas Malca (11140946), Mario Urbina (744360), Giovanni Bianucci (686290)Get access
Published 2021
Still Image -
648by Giulia Bosio (842632), Alberto Collareta (744357), Claudio Di Celma (537125), Olivier Lambert (25010), Felix G. Marx (3189630), Christian de Muizon (384569), Anna Gioncada (744356), Karen Gariboldi (744354), Elisa Malinverno (744355), Rafael Varas Malca (11140946), Mario Urbina (744360), Giovanni Bianucci (686290)Get access
Published 2021
Still Image -
649by Cornick, Catherine, Buell, Donald, Adams, Cecil Kinette, Pitcher, Michelle, Peters-Williams, Jane, Bella, Mary, Dunsmore, Douglas, Praetorius, Michael, 1571-1621, Willcocks, David, 1919-, Vaughan Williams, Ralph, 1872-1958, Marx, K., Distler, Hugo, 1908-1942, Britten, Benjamin, 1913-1976, Byrd, William, 1539 or 40-1623, Bruckner, Anton, 1824-1896Get access
Published 1992
Text -
650by Mehta, Amee V., Allen, Judith M., Constantine, Rochelle, Garrigue, Claire, Jann, Beatrice, Jenner, Curt, Marx, Marilyn K., Matkin, Craig O., Mattila, David K., Minton, Gianna, Mizroch, Sally A., Olavarría, Carlos, Robbins, Jooke, Russell, Kirsty G., Seton, Rosemary E., Steiger, Gretchen H., Víkingsson, Gísli A., Wade, Paul R., Witteveen, Briana H., Clapham, Phillip J.Get access
Published in Marine Ecology Progress Series (2007)
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
651by Anders, Katharina, Marx, Sabrina, Boike, Julia, Herfort, Benjamin, Wilcox, Evan James, Langer, Moritz, Marsh, Philip, Höfle, Bernhard, 1 3D Geospatial Data Processing Group (3DGeo) Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University 69120 Heidelberg Germany, 3 Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research 14473 Potsdam Germany, 5 Cold Regions Research Centre Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo N2L 3C5 CanadaGet access
Published in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms (2020)
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
652by Freedman, Adam H., Gronau, Ilan, Schweizer, Rena M., Ortega-Del Vecchyo, Diego, Han, Eunjung, Silva, Pedro M., Galaverni, Marco, Fan, Zhenxin, Marx, Peter, Lorente-Galdos, Belen, Beale, Holly, Ramirez, Oscar, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Alkan, Can, Vilà, Carles, Squire, Kevin, Geffen, Eli, Kusak, Josip, Boyko, Adam R., Parker, Heidi G., Lee, Clarence, Tadigotla, Vasisht, Siepel, Adam, Bustamante, Carlos D., Harkins, Timothy T., Nelson, Stanley F., Ostrander, Elaine A., Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Wayne, Robert K., Novembre, JohnGet access
Published 2020
Dataset -
653by Freedman, Adam H., Gronau, Ilan, Schweizer, Rena M., Ortega-Del Vecchyo, Diego, Han, Eunjung, Silva, Pedro M., Galaverni, Marco, Fan, Zhenxin, Marx, Peter, Lorente-Galdos, Belen, Beale, Holly, Ramirez, Oscar, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Alkan, Can, Vilà, Carles, Squire, Kevin, Geffen, Eli, Kusak, Josip, Boyko, Adam R., Parker, Heidi G., Lee, Clarence, Tadigotla, Vasisht, Siepel, Adam, Bustamante, Carlos D., Harkins, Timothy T., Nelson, Stanley F., Ostrander, Elaine A., Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Wayne, Robert K., Novembre, JohnGet access
Published 2016
Get access
Dataset -
654by Freedman, Adam H., Gronau, Ilan, Schweizer, Rena M., Ortega-Del Vecchyo, Diego, Han, Eunjung, Silva, Pedro M., Galaverni, Marco, Fan, Zhenxin, Marx, Peter, Lorente-Galdos, Belen, Beale, Holly, Ramirez, Oscar, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Alkan, Can, Vilà, Carles, Squire, Kevin, Geffen, Eli, Kusak, Josip, Boyko, Adam R., Parker, Heidi G., Lee, Clarence, Tadigotla, Vasisht, Siepel, Adam, Bustamante, Carlos D., Harkins, Timothy T., Nelson, Stanley F., Ostrander, Elaine A., Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Wayne, Robert K., Novembre, JohnGet access
Published 2016
Get access
Dataset -
655by Freedman, Adam H., Gronau, Ilan, Schweizer, Rena M., Ortega-Del Vecchyo, Diego, Han, Eunjung, Silva, Pedro M., Galaverni, Marco, Fan, Zhenxin, Marx, Peter, Lorente-Galdos, Belen, Beale, Holly, Ramirez, Oscar, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Alkan, Can, Vilà, Carles, Squire, Kevin, Geffen, Eli, Kusak, Josip, Boyko, Adam R., Parker, Heidi G., Lee, Clarence, Tadigotla, Vasisht, Siepel, Adam, Bustamante, Carlos D., Harkins, Timothy T., Nelson, Stanley F., Ostrander, Elaine A., Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Wayne, Robert K., Novembre, JohnGet access
Published 2016
Get access
Dataset -
656Speciation in the deep: genomics and morphology reveal a new species of beaked whale Mesoplodon eueuby Carroll, Emma L., McGowen, Michael R., McCarthy, Morgan L., Marx, Felix G., Aguilar, Natacha, Dalebout, Merel L., Dreyer, Sascha, Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Hansen, Sabine S., van Helden, Anton, Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Cholewiak, Danielle, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Davison, Nicholas J., Eira, Catarina, Fordyce, R. Ewan, Gatesy, John, Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg, Martín, Vidal, Mead, James G., Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Morin, Phillip A., Reyes, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Rosso, Massimiliano, Silva, Mónica A., Springer, Mark S., Steel, Debbie, Olsen, Morten TangeGet access
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2021)
Get access
Get access
Text -
657by Carroll, Emma L., McGowen, Michael R., McCarthy, Morgan L., Marx, Felix G., Aguilar de Soto, Natacha, Dalebout, Merel L., Dreyer, Sascha, Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Hansen, Sabine S., van Helden, Anton, Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Cholewiak, Danielle, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Davison, Nicholas J., Eira, Catarina, Fordyce, R. Ewan, Gatesy, John, Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg, Martin, Vidal, Mead, James G., Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Morin, Phillip A., Reyes, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Rosso, Massimiliano, Silva, Mónica A., Springer, Mark S., Steel, Debbie, Olsen, Morten T.Get access
Published 2021
Get access
Dataset -
658Speciation in the deep: genomics and morphology reveal a new species of beaked whale Mesoplodon eueuby Carroll, Emma L., McGowen, Michael R., McCarthy, Morgan L., Marx, Felix G., Aguilar, Natacha, Dalebout, Merel L., Dreyer, Sascha, Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Hansen, Sabine S., van Helden, Anton, Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Cholewiak, Danielle, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Davison, Nicholas J., Eira, Catarina, Fordyce, R. Ewan, Gatesy, John, Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg, Martín, Vidal, Mead, James G., Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Morin, Phillip A., Reyes, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Rosso, Massimiliano, Silva, Mónica A., Springer, Mark S., Steel, Debbie, Olsen, Morten TangeGet access
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2021)
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
659by Carroll, Emma L., McGowen, Michael R., McCarthy, Morgan L., Marx, Felix G., Aguilar, Natacha, Dalebout, Merel L., Dreyer, Sascha, Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Hansen, Sabine S., van Helden, Anton, Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Cholewiak, Danielle, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Davison, Nicholas J., Eira, Catarina, Fordyce, R. Ewan, Gatesy, John, Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg, Martín, Vidal, Mead, James G., Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Morin, Phillip A., Reyes, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Rosso, Massimiliano, Silva, Mónica A., Springer, Mark S., Steel, Debbie, Olsen, Morten TangeGet access
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2021)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
660by Carroll, Emma L., McGowen, Michael R., McCarthy, Morgan L., Marx, Felix G., Aguilar, Natacha, Dalebout, Merel L., Dreyer, Sascha, Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Hansen, Sabine S., van Helden, Anton, Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Cholewiak, Danielle, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Davison, Nicholas J., Eira, Catarina, Fordyce, R. Ewan, Gatesy, John, Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg, Martín, Vidal, Mead, James G., Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Morin, Phillip A., Reyes, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Rosso, Massimiliano, Silva, Mónica A., Springer, Mark S., Steel, Debbie, Olsen, Morten TangeGet access
Published 2021
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper