Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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1361by Broddadóttir, Elín, Gunnlaugsson, Geir, Einarsdóttir, JónínaContributors: “...Faculty of Sociology, Anthropology and Folkloristics, University of Iceland...”
Published in Forum for Development Studies (2020)
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1362Contributors: “...Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
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1363by Thorsson, B, Haraldsdottir, V, Kristjansson, MContributors: “...Department of Medicine, Reykjavik Hospital, Fossvogur, Iceland....”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases (2009)
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1364Contributors: “...Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik....”
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1365Contributors: “...Emergency department at University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
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1366by Hannesdottir, Helga, Tyrfingsson, Thora, Piha, JormaContributors: “...Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland...”
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry (2008)
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1367by Emilsson, Valur, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Zhang, Bin, Leonardson, Amy S, Zink, Florian, Zhu, Jun, Carlson, Sonia, Helgason, Agnar, Walters, G Bragi, Gunnarsdottir, Steinunn, Mouy, Magali, Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur, Eiriksdottir, Gudrun H, Bjornsdottir, Gyda, Reynisdottir, Inga, Gudbjartsson, Daniel, Helgadottir, Anna, Jonasdottir, Aslaug, Jonasdottir, Adalbjorg, Styrkarsdottir, Unnur, Gretarsdottir, Solveig, Magnusson, Kristinn P, Stefansson, Hreinn, Fossdal, Ragnheidur, Kristjansson, Kristleifur, Gislason, Hjortur G, Stefansson, Tryggvi, Leifsson, Bjorn G, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Lamb, John R, Gulcher, Jeffrey R, Reitman, Marc L, Kong, Augustine, Schadt, Eric E, Stefansson, KariContributors: “...deCODE genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Nature (2008)
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1368by Arnarsson, Arsaell, Jonasson, Fridbert, Sasaki, Hiroshi, Ono, Masaji, Jonsson, Vesteinn, Kojima, Masami, Katoh, Nobuyo, Sasaki, KazuyukiContributors: “...Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published 2008
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1369by Ingvarsson, T, Stefánsson, SE, Gulcher, JR, Jónsson, HH, Jónsson, H, Frigge, ML, Pálsdóttir, E, Olafsdóttir, G, Jónsdóttir, T, Walters, GB, Lohmander, LS, Stefánsson, KContributors: “...University Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland. thi@fsa.is...”
Published 2008
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1370by Olafsson, M, Kristinsson, K G, Sigurdsson, J AContributors: “...Community Health Care Centre, Akureyri, Iceland....”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care (2010)
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1371by Stefánsson, Andri, Keller, Nicole S., Robin, Jóhann Gunnarsson, Kaasalainen, Hanna, Björnsdóttir, Snædís, Pétursdóttir, Sólveig, Jóhannesson, Haukur, Hreggvidsson, Gudmundur ÓliContributors: “...National Power Company of Iceland...”
Published in Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (2016)
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1372by Ásgeirsdóttir, Tinna Laufey, Corman, Hope, Noonan, Kelly, Reichman, Nancy E.Contributors: “...Directorate of Health in Iceland...”
Published in Economics & Human Biology (2016)
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1373by Tinganelli, Leone, Erlendsson, Egill, Eddudóttir, Sigrún Dögg, Gísladóttir, GuðrúnContributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in Geomorphology (2018)
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1374by Harning, David J., Geirsdóttir, Áslaug, Miller, Gifford H., Zalzal, KateContributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2016)
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1376by Rögnvaldsson, Kristján Godsk, Bjarnason, Agnar, Ólafsdóttir, Inga Sif, Helgason, Kristján Orri, Guðmundsson, Aðalsteinn, Gottfreðsson, MagnúsContributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2023)
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1377by Lévy, L, Maurya, P K, Byrdina, S, Vandemeulebrouck, J, Sigmundsson, F, Árnason, K, Ricci, T, Deldicque, D, Roger, M, Gibert, B, Labazuy, PContributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in Geophysical Journal International (2019)
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1378by Nguyen, Vang Y., Bayse, Shannon M., Einarsson, Haraldur Arnar, Ingólfsson, Ólafur ArnarContributors: “...Marine and Freshwater Research Institute (Iceland) Project...”
Published in PeerJ (2023)
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1379by Bataillon, Thomas, Mailund, Thomas, Thorlacius, Steinunn, Steingrimsson, Eirikur, Rafnar, Thorunn, Halldorsson, Magnus M, Calian, Violeta, Schierup, Mikkel H.Contributors: “...Iceland Genomics Corporation...”
Published in European Journal of Human Genetics (2006)
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1380by Gudmundsson, Olafur O., Magnusson, Pall, Saemundsen, Evald, Lauth, Bertrand, Baldursson, Gisli, Skarphedinsson, Gudmundur, Fombonne, EricContributors: “...Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat, IS-105 Reykjavik, Iceland, State Diagnost...”
Published in Child and Adolescent Mental Health (2013)
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