Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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1341by Sigurdardottir, Margret, Sigurdsson, Haraldur, Barkardottir, Rosa Bjork, Kristjansdottir, Sigrun, Agnarsson, Bjarni AContributors: “...Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica (2008)
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1342Contributors: “...University of Iceland...”
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1343by Grondal, G, Kristjansdottir, H, Gunnlaugsdottir, B, Arnason, A, Lundberg, I, Klareskog, L, Steinsson, KContributors: “...Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published 2009
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1344Contributors: “...Barnaspitali Hringsins, Landspitalinn, Reykjavik 101, Iceland....”
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1345by Jonsdottir, L S, Sigfusson, N, Sigvaldason, H, Thorgeirsson, GContributors: “...Icelandic Heart Association (Hjartavernd), Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in European Heart Journal (2009)
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1346Contributors: “...Primary Health Care Centre, Gardabaer, Iceland....”
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1347Contributors: “...Landspitali The National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland...”
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1348Contributors: “...National University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik....”
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1349by Kristinsson, J K, Hauksdottir, H, Stefansson, E, Jonasson, F, Gislason, IContributors: “...Department of Ophthalmology, Landakotsspítali, University of Iceland, Reykjavík....”
Published in Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica (2010)
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1350by Sigurdardottir, Solveig, Thorkelsson, Thordur, Halldorsdottir, Margret, Thorarensen, Olafur, Vik, TorsteinContributors: “...State Diagnostic and Counselling Centre, Kopavogur, Iceland....”
Published in Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology (2011)
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1351by Gislason, D, Bjornsson, E, Gislason, T, Janson, C, Sjöberg, O, Elfman, L, Boman, GContributors: “...Department of Lung Medicine, Vífilsstadir Gardabaer, Iceland....”
Published in Allergy (2009)
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1352by Tinna Laufey Ásgeirsdóttir, Gyða Ásmundsdóttir, María Heimisdóttir, Eiríkur Jónsson, Runólfur PálssonContributors: “...Lanspítala Eiríksgötu 5, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland....”
Published 2010
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1353by Petursson, G, Helgason, S, Gudmundsson, S, Sigurdsson, J AContributors: “...Department of Family Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik....”
Published in The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (2010)
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1354by Stefansson, S B, Olafsson, E, Hauser, W AContributors: “...State Social Security Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (2010)
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1355by Gislason, T, Reynisdottir, H, Kristbjarnarson, H, Benediktsdottir, BContributors: “...Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland....”
Published in Journal of Internal Medicine (2011)
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1356by Halldórsdóttir, Anna Margrét, Sigurdardóttrir, Margrét, Jónasson, Jón Gunnlaugur, Oddsdóttir, Margrét, Magnússon, Jónas, Lee, Jeffrey R, Goldenring, James RContributors: “...Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík....”
Published 2008
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1357by Oddný Sigurborg GunnarsdóttirContributors: “...Landspitali The National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland....”
Published 2012
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1358by Jonsson, Thorlakur, Stefansson, Hreinn, Steinberg, Stacy, Jonsdottir, Ingileif, Jonsson, Palmi V, Snaedal, Jon, Bjornsson, Sigurbjorn, Huttenlocher, Johanna, Levey, Allan I, Lah, James J, Rujescu, Dan, Hampel, Harald, Giegling, Ina, Andreassen, Ole A, Engedal, Knut, Ulstein, Ingun, Djurovic, Srdjan, Ibrahim-Verbaas, Carla, Hofman, Albert, Ikram, M Arfan, van Duijn, Cornelia M, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Kong, Augustine, Stefansson, KariContributors: “...Decode, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in New England Journal of Medicine (2013)
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1359Contributors: “...Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík....”
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1360by Páll MatthíassonContributors: “...Landspitali The National University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland....”
Published 2012
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