Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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1101by Jóhannesson, Gauti, Moya-Ortega, Maria D, Ásgrímsdóttir, Gudrún Marta, Lund, Sigrún H, Thorsteinsdóttir, Margrét, Loftsson, Thorsteinn, Stefánsson, EinarContributors: “... of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Clinical Science, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden...”
Published in Acta Ophthalmologica (2015)
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1102by Trippanera, Daniele, Ruch, Joel, Acocella, Valerio, Thordarson, Thor, Urbani, StefanoContributors: “...Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Bulletin of Volcanology (2017)
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1103by Di, Xiaxia, Wang, Shuqi, Oskarsson, Jon T, Rouger, Caroline, Tasdemir, Deniz, Hardardottir, Ingibjorg, Freysdottir, Jona, Wang, Xiao, Molinski, Tadeusz F, Omarsdottir, SesseljaContributors: “...1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Faculty...”
Published in Journal of Natural Products (2021)
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1104by Thorsteinsdottir, Sigrun, Lund, Sigrun H., Lindqvist, Ebba K., Thordardottir, Marianna, Sigurdsson, Gunnar, Costello, Rene, Burton, Debra, Steingrimsdottir, Hlif, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Eiriksdottir, Gudny, Siggeirsdottir, Kristin, Harris, Tamara B., Landgren, Ola, Kristinsson, Sigurdur Y.Contributors: “...1 Landspitali, Dept Internal Med, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 2 Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Sturlugata...”
Published in Blood Advances (2018)
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1105by Skirnisson, Karl, Pálsdóttir, Guðný Rut, Eydal, MatthíasContributors: “...Agricultural University of Iceland...”
Published in Icelandic Agricultural Sciences (2018)
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1106by Ramel, Alfons, Jonsson, Palmi V, Bjornsson, Sigurbjorn, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “... and Human Nutrition, University of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland. alfons@landspitali.is...”
Published in Public Health Nutrition (2009)
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1107by van Bemmelen, Rob S. A., Kolbeinsson, Yann, Ramos, Raül, Gilg, Olivier, Alves, Jose, Smith, Malcolm, Schekkerman, Hans, Lehikoinen, Aleksi, Petersen, Ib Krag, Þórisson, Böðvar, Sokolov, Aleksandr A., Välimäki, Kaisa, van der Meer, Tim, Okill, J. David, Bolton, Mark, Moe, Børge, Hanssen, Sveinn Are, Bollache, Loïc, Petersen, Aevar, Thorstensen, Sverrir, González-Solís, Jacob, Klaassen, Raymond H. G., Tulp, IngridContributors: “...Research Centre in South Iceland (UI)...”
Published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution (2019)
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1108by Hreinsson, Johann P, Palsdóttir, Solrun, Bjornsson, Einar SContributors: “...Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Sect Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Internal Med, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology (2016)
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1109Contributors: “... Hospital PhD student, Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Eirberg, Reykjavík, Iceland....”
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1110by Árnason, Sighvatur S., Elbrønd, Vibeke S., Laverty, GaryContributors: “...Iceland-United States Education Commission...”
Published in Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology (2015)
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1111by Teitsdóttir, Unnur Diljá, Halldórsson, Skarphéðinn, Rolfsson, Óttar, Lund, Sigrún H., Jónsdóttir, María Kristín, Snædal, Jón G., Petersen, Pétur HenryContributors: “...University of Iceland...”
Published in Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (2021)
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1112by Unnsteinsdottir, E. R., Hersteinsson, P., Jonasson, J. P., McAdam, B. J.Contributors: “...Research Fund of the University of Iceland...”
Published in Journal of Zoology (2014)
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1113by Compton, Kathleen, Bennett, Richard A., Hreinsdóttir, SigrúnContributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2015)
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1114by Kvaran, R B, Sigurdsson, M I, Skarphedinsdottir, S J, Sigurdsson, G HContributors: “...1 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Anaesthesia & Intens Care Med, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland Organization...”
Published in Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica (2016)
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1115by Nieuwenhuijze, Marianne J, Thompson, Suzanne M, Gudmundsdottir, Embla Yr, Gottfreðsdóttir, HelgaContributors: “..., The Netherlands. 3Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland; Women...”
Published in Women and Birth (2020)
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1116by Johannesdottir, Hera, Arnadottir, Linda O, Adalsteinsson, Jonas A, Axelsson, Tomas A, Sigurdsson, Martin I, Helgadottir, Solveig, Helgason, Dadi, Gardarsdottir, Helga R, Marteinsson, Steinthor A, Geirsson, Arnar, Thorgeirsson, Gudmundur, Gudbjartsson, TomasContributors: “...1 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Cardiothorac Surg, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 2 Duke Univ Hosp...”
Published in Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal (2017)
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1117by Melvinsdottir, Inga H, Lund, Sigrun H, Agnarsson, Bjarni A, Sigvaldason, Kristinn, Gudbjartsson, Tomas, Geirsson, ArnarContributors: “...1 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Dept Cardiothorac Surg, Reykjavik, Iceland Organization-Enhanced Name...”
Published in European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (2017)
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1118by Sutherland, Kate, Schwab, Richard J, Maislin, Greg, Lee, Richard W W, Benedikstdsottir, Bryndis, Pack, Allan I, Gislason, Thorarinn, Juliusson, Sigurdur, Cistulli, Peter AContributors: “... Hlth, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia, Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik, Iceland, Landspitali Univ Hosp...”
Published in Sleep (2015)
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1119by Drake, Kim E., Gudjonsson, Gisli H., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurdsson, Jon FridrikContributors: “..., England 3 Reykjavik Univ, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland 4 Columbia Univ, Teachers Coll, New York, NY 10027 USA...”
Published in Personality and Individual Differences (2015)
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1120by Mesfin, Kiflom G., Wolff-Boenisch, Domenik, Gislason, Sigurdur R., Oelkers, Eric H.Contributors: “...Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Minerals (2023)
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