Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
-
1001Contributors: “..., Iceland, Taugalækningadeild Landspítali, Reykjavík, Iceland...”
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1002by Thorsdottir, Inga, Torfadottir, Johanna E, Birgisdottir, Bryndis E, Geirsson, Reynir TContributors: “...Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik...”
Published in Obstetrics & Gynecology (2008)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1003by Ramel, Alfons, Pumberger, Christina, Martinéz, Alfredo J, Kiely, Mairead, Bandarra, Narcisa M, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “...Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik...”
Published in Nutrition Research (2009)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1004by Steingrímsdottir, Hlif, Einarsdottir, Helga K, Haraldsdottir, Vilhelmina, Ogmundsdottir, Helga MContributors: “..., University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in European Journal of Haematology (2011)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1005by Magnussen, Marita Debess, Gudnason, Thorolfur, Jensen, Ulrich Stab, Frimodt-Møller, Niels, Kristinsson, Karl GContributors: “...Food & Vet Agcy, Dept Microbiol, Torshavn, Faroe Islands, Denmark, Univ Iceland, Fac Med, Reykjavik...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases (2014)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1006by Helgadottir, Anna, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Alexandersson, Kristjan F, Tragante, Vinicius, Thorsteinsdottir, Margret, Eiriksson, Finnur F, Gretarsdottir, Solveig, Björnsson, Eythór, Magnusson, Olafur, Sveinbjornsson, Gardar, Jonsdottir, Ingileif, Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur, Ferkingstad, Egil, Jensson, Brynjar Ö, Stefansson, Hreinn, Olafsson, Isleifur, Christensen, Alex H, Torp-Pedersen, Christian, Køber, Lars, Pedersen, Ole B, Erikstrup, Christian, Sørensen, Erik, Brunak, Søren, Banasik, Karina, Hansen, Thomas F, Nyegaard, Mette, Eyjolfssson, Gudmundur I, Sigurdardottir, Olof, Thorarinsson, Bjorn L, Matthiasson, Stefan E, Steingrimsdottir, Thora, Bjornsson, Einar S, Danielsen, Ragnar, Asselbergs, Folkert W, Arnar, David O, Ullum, Henrik, Bundgaard, Henning, Sulem, Patrick, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Thorgeirsson, Gudmundur, Holm, Hilma, Gudbjartsson, Daniel F, Stefansson, KariContributors: “...1deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Department of Cardiology...”
Published in European Heart Journal (2020)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1007by Helgadóttir, Hólmfridur, Lund, Sigrún H, Gizurarson, Sveinbjörn, Metz, David C, Björnsson, Einar SContributors: “... Hospital of Iceland. 2Faculty of Medicine. 3Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland...”
Published in Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology (2020)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1008by Gisladottir, Margret, Treasure, Janet, Svavarsdottir, Erla KolbrunContributors: “..., Iceland. 2 Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London...”
Published in Journal of Clinical Nursing (2017)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1009by Young, Susan, Emilsson, Brynjar, Sigurdsson, Jon Fridrik, Khondoker, Mizanur, Philipp-Wiegmann, Florence, Baldursson, Gisli, Olafsdottir, Halldora, Gudjonsson, GisliContributors: “..., Reykjavik, Iceland. susan.young1@imperial.ac.uk. 4 Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King...”
Published in European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience (2017)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1010by Berggren, Linda, Talvia, Sanna, Fossgard, Eldbjorg, Bjork Arnfjord, Unnur, Hornell, Agneta, Olafsdottir, Anna Sigridur, Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg, Wergedahl, Hege, Lagstr?m, Hanna, Waling, Maria, Olsson, CeciliaContributors: “..., Fac Educ, Bergen, Norway Show the Organization-Enhanced name(s) 4 Univ Iceland, Sch Educ, Reykjavik...”
Published in Health Education (2017)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1011by Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Sulem, Patrick, Helgason, Hannes, Grarup, Niels, Sigurdsson, Asgeir, Helgadottir, Hafdis T, Johannsdottir, Hrefna, Magnusson, Olafur T, Gudjonsson, Sigurjon A, Justesen, Johanne M, Harder, Marie N, Jørgensen, Marit E, Christensen, Cramer, Brandslund, Ivan, Sandbæk, Annelli, Lauritzen, Torsten, Vestergaard, Henrik, Linneberg, Allan, Jørgensen, Torben, Hansen, Torben, Daneshpour, Maryam S, Fallah, Mohammad-Sadegh, Hreidarsson, Astradur B, Sigurdsson, Gunnar, Azizi, Fereidoun, Benediktsson, Rafn, Masson, Gisli, Helgason, Agnar, Kong, Augustine, Gudbjartsson, Daniel F, Pedersen, Oluf, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Stefansson, KariContributors: “...deCODE Genet Amgen Inc, Reykjavik, Iceland Univ Iceland, Sch Engn & Nat Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Nature Genetics (2014)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1012by Ramel, Alfons, Martinez, J Alfredo, Kiely, Mairead, Bandarra, Narcisa M, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “... and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Nutrition (2010)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1013by Ramel, Alfons, Arnarson, Atli, Parra, Dolores, Kiely, Mairead, Bandarra, Narcisa M, Martinéz, J Alfredo, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “... and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism (2011)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1014by Sigurdarson, Sigurdur T, Gudmundsson, Gunnar, Sigurvinsdottir, Lara, Kline, Joel N, Tomasson, KristinnContributors: “... and Health and University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Respiratory Medicine (2008)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1015Contributors: “..., University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1016by Zoëga, Helga, Rothman, Kenneth J, Huybrechts, Krista F, Ólafsson, Örn, Baldursson, Gísli, Almarsdóttir, Anna B, Jónsdóttir, Sólveig, Halldórsson, Matthías, Hernández-Diaz, Sonia, Valdimarsdóttir, Unnur AContributors: “..., University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Pediatrics (2013)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1017by Arngrimsson, R, Sigurardottir, S, Frigge, M L, Bjarnad ttir, R I, Jonsson, T, Stefansson, H, Baldursdottir, A, Einarsdottir, A S, Palsson, B, Snorradottir, S, Lachmeijer, A M, Nicolae, D, Kong, A, Bragason, B T, Gulcher, J R, Geirsson, R T, Stefansson, KContributors: “...Medical Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Medical School Building...”
Published in Human Molecular Genetics (2009)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1018by Lauth, Bertrand, Arnkelsson, Gudmundur B, Magnússon, Pall, Skarphedinsson, Gudmundur A, Ferrari, Pierre, Petursson, HannesContributors: “...University of Iceland, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Landspítali University...”
Published in Journal of Physiology-Paris (2010)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1019by Johannesdottir, Lilja, Alves, Jose, Gill, J. A., Gunnarsson, Tomas GretarContributors: “...Research Centre in South Iceland (UI)...”
Published in Animal Conservation (2017)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1020by Raudsepp, Johanna, Árnadóttir, Áróra, Czepkiewicz, Michał, Heinonen, JukkaContributors: “...Public Roads Administration of Iceland (Vegagerðin)...”
Published in Urban Planning (2021)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper