Iceland
![Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by [[Oscar Wergeland](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg)
Located on a rift between tectonic plates, Iceland's geologic activity includes geysers and frequent volcanic eruptions. The interior consists of a volcanic plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains, and glaciers, and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate, despite a latitude just south of the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its islands have a polar climate.
According to the ancient manuscript , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island. In the following centuries, Norwegians, and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them thralls (i.e., slaves or serfs) of Gaelic origin.
The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the native parliament, the Althing, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. Following a period of civil strife, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the Kalmar Union along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under ''de facto'' Danish rule following its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced Lutheranism by force in 1550, and Iceland was formally ceded to Denmark in 1814 by the Treaty of Kiel.
Influenced by ideals of nationalism after the French Revolution, Iceland's struggle for independence took form and culminated in the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union in 1918, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Iceland, sharing through a personal union the incumbent monarch of Denmark. During the occupation of Denmark in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to become a republic in 1944, thus ending the remaining formal ties with Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, the island republic nevertheless holds a claim to sustaining one of the longest-running parliaments in the world.
Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and Marshall Plan aid following World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. It became a part of the European Economic Area in 1994; this further diversified the economy into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and manufacturing.
Iceland has a market economy with relatively low taxes, compared to other OECD countries, as well as the highest trade union membership in the world. It maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens. Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. Iceland has the smallest population of any NATO member and is the only one with no standing army, possessing only a lightly armed coast guard. Provided by Wikipedia
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841by Baeringsdottir, Birta, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Bjornsdottir, Erla Soffia, Martins, Elisabete R, Ramirez, Mário, Haraldsson, Asgeir, Thorkelsson, ThordurContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Department of Clinical...”
Published in Journal of Medical Microbiology (2022)
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842by Juncu, D., Arnadottir, Th, Geirsson, H., Gudmundsson, G. B., Lund, B., Gunnarsson, G., Hooper, A., Hreinsdottir, S., Michalczewska, K.Contributors: “...Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik...”
Published in Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (2020)
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843by Steingrímsson, Vilhjálmur, Gíslason, Gauti Kjartan, Þorsteinsdóttir, Sigrún, Rögnvaldsson, Saemundur, Gottfreðsson, Magnús, Aspelund, Thor, Turesson, Ingemar, Björkholm, Magnus, Landgren, Ola, Kristinsson, Sigurdur YContributors: “...1Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 2Department of Infectious Diseases...”
Published in European Journal of Haematology (2021)
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844by Viktorsson, Sindri Aron, Vidisson, Kristjan Orri, Gunnarsdottir, Anna Gudlaug, Helgason, Dadi, Johnsen, Arni, Ingvarsdottir, Inga Lara, Sigurdsson, Martin Ingi, Geirsson, Arnar, Gudbjartsson, TomasContributors: “...1 Landspitali Univ Hosp, Div Cardiothorac Surg, Hringbraut 101, Reykjavik, Iceland Show more 2...”
Published in Journal of Cardiac Surgery (2019)
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845by Siggeirsdottir, K, Aspelund, T, Johansson, H, Gudmundsson, E F, Mogensen, B, Jonsson, B Y, Gudnason, V, McCloskey, E, Oden, A, Sigurdsson, G, Kanis, J AContributors: “...1 Iceland Heart Assoc Res Inst, IS-201 Kopavogur, Iceland 2 Univ Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland 3 Univ...”
Published in Osteoporosis International (2015)
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846by Asgeirsdottir, G H, Sigurdardottir, V, Gunnarsdottir, S, Sigurbjörnsson, E, Traustadottir, R, Kelly, E, Young, T, Vivat, BContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Fac Theol & Religious Studies, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Natl Univ Hosp, Palliat Care...”
Published in European Journal of Cancer Care (2017)
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847by Jonsdottir, Olof H, Fewtrell, Mary S, Gunnlaugsson, Geir, Kleinman, Ronald E, Hibberd, Patricia L, Jonsdottir, Jona M, Eiriksdottir, Ingibjorg, Rognvaldsdottir, Alma M, Thorsdottir, IngaContributors: “...Natl Univ Hosp Reykjavik, Unit Nutr Res, Landspitali, Reykjavik, Iceland, Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth...”
Published in Breastfeeding Medicine (2014)
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848by Fisher, Diana E, Jonasson, Fridbert, Eiriksdottir, Gudny, Sigurdsson, Sigurdur, Klein, Ronald, Launer, Lenore J, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Cotch, Mary FrancesContributors: “..., Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik...”
Published in Ophthalmology (2015)
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849by Muller, Majon, Sigurdsson, Sigurdur, Kjartansson, Olafur, Gunnarsdottir, Ingibjorg, Thorsdottir, Inga, Harris, Tamara B, van Buchem, Mark, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Launer, Lenore JContributors: “... Amsterdam, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Amsterdam, Netherlands 3 Iceland Heart Assoc, Kopavogur, Iceland 4...”
Published in Neurobiology of Aging (2016)
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850by Thordardottir, Edda Bjork, Hansdottir, Ingunn, Valdimarsdottir, Unnur Anna, Shipherd, Jillian C, Resnick, Heidi, Gudmundsdottir, BerglindContributors: “...1 Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Med, Ctr Publ Hlth Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland 2 Univ Iceland, Sch...”
Published in Sleep (2016)
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851by Vidarsdottir, Halldora, Fang, Fang, Chang, Milan, Aspelund, Thor, Fall, Katja, Jonsdottir, Maria K, Jonsson, Palmi V, Cotch, Mary Frances, Harris, Tamara B, Launer, Lenore J, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Valdimarsdottir, UnnurContributors: “...Addresses: Show the Organization-Enhanced name(s) 1 Univ Iceland, Ctr Publ Hlth Sci, IS-101...”
Published in American Journal of Epidemiology (2015)
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852by Di, Xiaxia, Rouger, Caroline, Hardardottir, Ingibjorg, Freysdottir, Jona, Molinski, Tadeusz F, Tasdemir, Deniz, Omarsdottir, SesseljaContributors: “...1 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107...”
Published in Marine Drugs (2019)
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853by Hreinsson, Jóhann P, Kalaitzakis, Evangelos, Gudmundsson, Sveinn, Björnsson, Einar SContributors: “...Natl Univ Hosp Iceland, Dept Internal Med, Sect Gastroenterol & Hepatol, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (2013)
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854by Emilsson, Ossur Ingi, Janson, Christer, Benediktsdóttir, Bryndís, Júlíusson, Sigurdur, Gíslason, ThórarinnContributors: “...Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland...”
Published in Respiratory Medicine (2013)
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855by Baldursdottir, Eyrun, Sigurdsson, Haraldur, Jonasson, Larus, Gottfredsson, MagnusContributors: “...Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Iceland Medical School, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Acta Ophthalmologica (2010)
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856by Svavarsdottir, Erla Kolbrun, Tryggvadottir, Gudny Bergthora, Sigurdardottir, Anna OlafiaContributors: “...School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
Published in Journal of Family Nursing (2013)
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857by Thorsteinsson, Hunbogi, Alexandersson, Asgeir, Oskarsdottir, Gudrun N, Skuladottir, Rut, Isaksson, Helgi J, Jonsson, Steinn, Gudbjartsson, TomasContributors: “...Faculty of Medicine, and †Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iceland, Reykjavik...”
Published in Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2013)
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858by Geirsdottir, Asbjorg, Jonsson, Oskar, Thorisdottir, Sigridur, Helgadottir, Gudleif, Jonasson, Fridbert, Stefansson, Einar, Sigurdsson, HaraldurContributors: “...Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik...”
Published in British Journal of Ophthalmology (2012)
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859Contributors: “...University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik City Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland....”
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860by Jonsson, Helgi, Helgadottir, Gudrun P, Aspelund, Thor, Sverrisdottir, Johanna E, Eiriksdottir, Gudny, Sigurdsson, Sigurdur, Eliasson, Gudmundur J, Jonsson, Asbjorn, Ingvarsson, Thorvaldur, Harris, Tamara B, Launer, Lenore, Gudnason, VilmundurContributors: “...Landspitalinn University Hospital, University of Iceland, IS-108 Fossvogur, Reykjavik, ICELAND...”
Published in BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders (2012)
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