China
![''China'' (today's [[Guangdong](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/CEM-09-Asiae-Nova-Descriptio-China-2510.jpg)
Both sources exclude both Taiwan and coastal and territorial waters from the area of China. However, the CIA ''World Factbook'' includes the United States coastal and territorial waters, while Encyclopædia Britannica excludes them.
Notably, the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' specifies the United States' area (excluding coastal and territorial waters) as 9,525,067 km2, which is less than either source's figure given for China's area. Therefore, it is unclear which country has a larger area including coastal and territorial waters.
The United Nations Statistics Division's figure for the United States is and China is . These closely match the CIA ''World Factbook'' figures and similarly ''include'' coastal and territorial waters for the United States, but ''exclude'' coastal and territorial waters for China.}} The country is divided into 33 province-level divisions: 22 provinces,.}} five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the country's capital, while Shanghai is its most populous city by urban area and largest financial center.
China is considered one of the cradles of civilization: the first human inhabitants in the region arrived during the Paleolithic; by the late second millennium BCE, the earliest dynastic states had emerged in the Yellow River basin. The eighth to third centuries BCE saw a breakdown in the authority of the Zhou dynasty, accompanied by the emergence of administrative and military techniques, literature, philosophy, and historiography. In 221 BCE, China was unified under an emperor for the first time. Appointed non-hereditary officials began ruling counties instead of the aristocracy, ushering in more than two millennia of imperial dynasties including the Qin, Han, Tang, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. With the invention of gunpowder and paper, the establishment of the Silk Road, and the building of the Great Wall, Chinese culture—including languages, traditions, architecture, philosophy and technology—flourished and has heavily influenced both its neighbors and lands further afield. However, China began to cede parts of the country in the late 19th century to various European powers by a series of unequal treaties.
After decades of struggle, the 1911 Revolution resulted in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC) the following year. The country under the nascent Beiyang government was unstable and ultimately fragmented during the Warlord Era, which was ended upon the Northern Expedition conducted by the Kuomintang (KMT) to reunify the country. The Chinese Civil War began in 1927, when KMT forces purged members of the rival Chinese Communist Party (CCP), who proceeded to engage in sporadic fighting against the KMT-led Nationalist government. Following the country's invasion by the Empire of Japan in 1937, the KMT and CCP temporarily agreed to a truce in favor of a united front against the Japanese. The Second Sino-Japanese War eventually ended in a Chinese victory; however, atrocities such as the Nanjing Massacre had a lasting impact on the country. The end of war with Japan in 1945 was quickly followed by a resumption of hostilities between the KMT and CCP. In 1949, the resurgent Communists established control over most of the country, proclaiming the People's Republic of China and forcing the Nationalist government to retreat to the island of Taiwan. The country was split, with both sides claiming to be the sole legitimate government of China. Following the implementation of land reforms, further attempts by the PRC to realize communism failed: the Great Leap Forward was largely responsible for the Great Chinese Famine that ended with millions of Chinese people having died, and the subsequent Cultural Revolution was a period of social turmoil and persecution characterized by Maoist populism. Following the Sino-Soviet split, the Shanghai Communiqué in 1972 would precipitate the normalization of relations with the United States. Economic reforms that began in 1978 led by reformists within the CCP moved the country away from a socialist planned economy towards an increasingly capitalist market economy, spurring significant economic growth. The corresponding movement for increased democracy and liberalization stalled after the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre in 1989.
China is a unitary one-party socialist republic led by the CCP. It is one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council; the UN representative for China was changed from the ROC to the PRC in 1971. It is a founding member of several multilateral and regional organizations such as the AIIB, the Silk Road Fund, the New Development Bank, and the RCEP. It is a member of the BRICS, the G20, APEC, the SCO, and the East Asia Summit. Making up around one-fifth of the world economy, the Chinese economy is the world's largest economy by GDP at purchasing power parity, the second-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the second-wealthiest country, albeit ranking poorly in measures of democracy, human rights and religious freedom. The country has been one of the fastest-growing major economies and is the world's largest manufacturer and exporter, as well as the second-largest importer. China is a nuclear-weapon state with the world's largest standing army by military personnel and the second-largest defense budget. It is a great power and a regional power, and has been described as an emerging superpower. China is known for its cuisine and culture, and has 59 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the second-highest number of any country.
Provided by Wikipedia
-
741by Wen, Hongtao, Yang, Yanming, Ruan, Hailin, Zhou, Hongtao, Wang, NingContributors: “...National Key R&D Program of China...”
Published in Polar Science (2020)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
742by Zhang, Lingyu, Wang, Dan, Wen, Min, Du, Lei, Xue, Changhu, Wang, Jingfeng, Xu, Jie, Wang, YumingContributors: “...State Key Program of National Natural Science of China...”
Published in Journal of Functional Foods (2017)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
743by Liu, Yonghua, Xu, Jiayu, Wang, Yong, Yang, SongContributors: “...the Natural Fund Guidance Program of Liaoning Provincial of China...”
Published in Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2021)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
744by Dineshram, R., Wong, Kelvin K.W., Xiao, Shu, Yu, Ziniu, Qian, Pei-Yuan, Thiyagarajan, VengatesenContributors: “...South China Seas Institute of Oceanography Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China...”
Published in Marine Pollution Bulletin (2012)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
745by Liu, Hao, Wei, Zexun, Richter, Ingo, Nie, Xunwei, Li, ChuanshunContributors: “...Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China...”
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2021)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
746by Hong, Jialin, Talalay, Pavel, Man, Teng, Li, Yazhou, Fan, Xiaopeng, Li, Chuanjin, Zhang, NanContributors: “...Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China...”
Published in Journal of Glaciology (2022)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
747by Luo, Lin, Ai, Lichuan, Liang, Xiaofang, Hu, Hongxia, Xue, Min, Wu, XiufengContributors: “...National Natural Science Foundation of China...”
Published in Aquaculture (2017)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
748by Jiang, Su, Shi, Guitao, Cole-Dai, Jihong, Zhao, Qian, Li, Yangjie, Wang, Dongqi, Sun, BoContributors: “...National Natural Science Foundation of China...”
Published in CATENA (2021)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
749by Wang, Yi, Pan, Mengdi, Mayanna, Sathish, Schleicher, Anja M., Spangenberg, Erik, Schicks, Judith M.Contributors: “...National Natural Science Foundation of China...”
Published in Applied Energy (2020)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
750by Wu, Lele, Wang, Yunong, Li, Jun, Song, Zongcheng, Xu, Shihong, Song, Changbin, Han, Mingming, Zhao, Haixia, Zhou, Li, Wang, Yanfeng, Li, Xian, Yue, XinluContributors: “...National Natural Science Foundation of China...”
Published in Aquaculture (2021)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
751by Wang, Xiao-Feng, Stouge, Svend, Maletz, Jörg, Bagnoli, Gabriella, Qi, Yu-Ping, Raevskaya, Elena G., Wang, Chuan-Shang, Yan, Chun-BoContributors: “...China Ministry of Sciences and Technology...”
Published in Palaeoworld (2019)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
752by Lu, Nu, Hou, Jian, Liu, Yongge, Barrufet, Maria A., Bai, Yajie, Ji, Yunkai, Zhao, Ermeng, Chen, Weiqing, Zhou, KangContributors: “...National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China...”
Published in Energy (2019)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
753by Liang, Xiaofang, Wang, Jia, Gong, Guan, Xue, Min, Dong, Yingchao, Wu, Xiufeng, Wang, Xin, Chen, Chunshan, Liang, Xufang, Qin, YuchangContributors: “...National Basic Research Program of China...”
Published in Animal Nutrition (2017)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
754Contributors: “...National Basic Research Program of China...”
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
755by Sun, Chunxiao, Liu, Xiaoyu, Sun, Ning, Zhang, Xiaomin, Shah, Mudassir, Zhang, Guojian, Che, Qian, Zhu, Tianjiao, Li, Jing, Li, DehaiContributors: “...Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China...”
Published in Journal of Natural Products (2022)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
756by Deng, Jinrui, Jiang, Huaquan, Liu, Yang, Yang, Ying, Luo, Fangwei, Sun, Bingcai, Chen, Jiawen, Wang, Chuanshuo, Tang, De, Wen, TingjunContributors: “...China National Petroleum Corporation...”
Published in Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (2024)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
757by Ma, Xiong-Ying, Liu, Zhan, Xia, Zhao, Su, Chen-Xi, Cheng, Yin, Yu, Hao, Kang, XinContributors: “...College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China....”
Published in Environmental Pollution (2023)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
758by Qin, Yue, Lei, Huimin, Yang, Dawen, Gao, Bing, Wang, Yuhan, Cong, Zhentao, Fan, WenjieContributors: “... 100084, Peoples R China....”
Published in Journal of Hydrology (2016)
Get access
Get access
Journal/Newspaper -
759by Lu, Na, Wei, Dong, Jiang, Xiao-Li, Chen, Feng, Yang, Shang-TianContributors: “...Wei, D (reprint author), S China Univ Technol, Sch Light Ind & Food Sci, Guangzhou 510640...”
Published in Analytical Letters (2012)
Get access
Get access
Journal/Newspaper -
760Contributors: “...Liu, XC (reprint author), Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Geomech, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China....”
Get access
Get access
Journal/Newspaper