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Subspecies and Distribution. O.z.zibethicusLinnaeus,1766—fromextremeSEManitoba,COntario,andCQuebec,Canada,SthroughEUSAtoextremeNETexas,extremeNLouisiana,Mississippi,Alabama,NGeorgia,andNWSouthCarolina. O.z.albusSabine,1823—Saskatchewan, Manitoba,andNOntario,Canada. O.z.aquiloniusBangs,1899—NQuebecandLabrador,Canada. O.z.bernard:Goldman,1932—SNevada,SECalifornia,andWArizona,USA,andNBajaCaliforniaandextremeNWSonora,Mexico. 0.z.aannamominusHollister,1910—fromSEAlberta,SSaskatchewan,andSManitoba,Canada,SthroughCUSAtoNTexas. O.z.goldmaniHuey,1938—SWUtah,SENevada,andNWArizona,USA. O.z.macrodonMerriam,1897—fromSEPennsylvaniaSalongthecoasttoNorthCarolina,USA. O.z.mergensHollister,1910—SEOregon,NC&NECalifornia,NNevada,andextremeNWUtah,USA. O.z.obscurusBangs,1894—Newfoundland,Canada. O.z.ocapitalisElliot,1903—WWashingtonandWOregon,USA. O.z.osoyoosensisLord,1863—fromSBritishColumbiaandSWAlberta,Canada,S alongtheRockyMtstoNNewMexico,USA. O.z.pallidusMearns,1890—fromSCArizonaEtoWNewMexico,USA. O.z.nipensisBailey,1902—fromCNewMexico,USAStoNChihuahua,Mexico. O.z.nwaliciusBangs,1895—fromSEcoastalTexasEtoextremeNWFlorida,USA. O.z.spatulatusOsgood,1900—fromPacificCoastofCAlaska,USA,SEtoSBritishColumbia,AlbertaandWSaskatchewan,Canada. O. z. zalophus Hollister, 1910 — SW & SC Alaska, USA. Introduced to most of Europe, Siberia, C Asia, Russian Far East, China, NE Korea, Japan (Honshu), S Chile, and S Argentina. in Cricetidae

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Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray...

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Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray...

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