Imaging of CO2 and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon via Electrochemical Acidification–Optode Tandem

• Published in: ACS Sensors
• Main Authors: Alexander Wiorek, Fabian Steininger, Gaston A. Crespo, Maria Cuartero, Klaus Koren
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: unknown
• Published: Zenodo 2023
• Subjects: Ocean acidification
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.3c00790

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is a key component of the global carbon cycle and plays a critical role in ocean acidification and proliferation of phototrophs. Its quantification at a high spatial resolution is essential for understanding various biogeochemical processes. We present an analytical method for 2D chemical imaging of DIC by combining a conventional CO 2 optode with localized electrochemical acidification from a polyaniline (PANI)-coated stainless-steel mesh electrode. Initially, the optode response is governed by local concentrations of free CO 2 in the sample, corresponding to the established carbonate equilibrium at the (unmodified) sample pH. Upon applying a mild potential-based polarization to the PANI mesh, protons are released into the sample, shifting the carbonate equilibrium toward CO 2 conversion (>99%), which corresponds to the sample DIC. It is herein demonstrated that the CO 2 optode–PANI tandem enables the mapping of free CO 2 (before PANI activation) and DIC (after PANI activation) in complex samples, providing high 2D spatial resolution (approx. 400 μm). The significance of this method was proven by inspecting the carbonate chemistry of complex environmental systems, including the freshwater plant Vallisneria spiralis and lime-amended waterlogged soil. This work is expected to pave the way for new analytical strategies that combine chemical imaging with electrochemical actuators, aiming to enhance classical sensing approaches via in situ (and reagentless) sample treatment. Such tools may provide a better understanding of environmentally relevant pH-dependent analytes related to the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cyc