Paraphaenocladius exagitans subsp. exagitans

• Main Authors: Eiseman, Charles S., Namayandeh, Armin, Linden, John Van Der, Palmer, Michael W.
• Format: Other/Unknown Material
• Language: unknown
• Published: 2023
• Subjects: Biodiversity; Taxonomy; Animalia; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Chironomidae; Paraphaenocladius; Paraphaenocladius exagitans; Paraphaenocladius exagitans exagitans (johannsen; 1905); Greenland; Carr; Blue River
• Online Access: https://zenodo.org/record/7688356; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7688356

Paraphaenocladius exagitans exagitans (Johannsen, 1905) and Paraphaenocladius impensus impensus (Walker, 1856) (Fig. 13) Material examined. USA: IOWA: Allamakee Co., Yellow River State Forest, 43.174434, -91.221148, 13.x.2017, em. 23.xi.2017, J. van der Linden, ex Marchantia polymorpha (1♀, P. exagitans exagitans, ANC); same but em. 2.xii.2017 (1♀, P. exagitans exagitans, USNM); same but em. 1.i.2018 (1♀, P. impensus impensus, USNM); same but em. 15.i.2018 (1Ô, P. exagitans exagitans, ANC); same but em. 29.i.2018 (1♀, P. impensus impensus, ANC); same but em. 12.ii.2018 (1♀, P. exagitans exagitans, USNM); OREGON: Lane Co., Blue River, 44.1535, -122.328, 28.iv.2022, em. 29.iv–7.v.2022, leg. M. W. Palmer, ex Marchantia sp. (2ÔÔ, 1♀, 1 larva, P. exagitans exagitans, USNM; 1Ô, P. exagitans exagitans, ANC). Biological notes. The nominate subspecies of P. exagitans is known from Ontario and throughout the USA as well as China and Japan. It has previously been reared from moist soil at the margins of rivers, streams, seepage, and springs, but none of the published label data mention herbivory (Saether & Wang 1995). Paraphaenocladius impensus s. str. is recorded from Manitoba, Minnesota, Greenland, and northern Europe, where it has been found in moist soil at the margins of lakes, springs, meadows, and alder carr; there have likewise been no observations of herbivory in this species (Saether & Wang 1995). Nematoceran larvae were found mining in thalli of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. (Marchantiaceae) in Iowa in mid-October 2017. The habitat was a ditch in which the soil varied from saturated to submerged in several centimeters of standing water. The larvae initially formed digitate mines with short radiating galleries, and later formed brown blotches. Unlike Metriocnemus mines, which have frass scattered throughout, these mines were mostly clean with frass accumulating around the rim of the entry hole. The first adult of P. exagitans emerged on 23 November from an oblong, dark brown cocoon, composed of ...