| Summary: | In the palaeogeographical context of the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean at the end of the Early Cretaceous, we document here the first microvertebrate fauna recorded from the Aptian deposits of Gadoufaoua, Niger. A systematic study of the fauna has resulted in a significant expansion of the existing faunal list and increase our knowledge of the palaeobiodiversity of the Gadoufaoua fossil site. Some taxa were previously recorded (lungfishes, crocodilians, chelonians, etc.), but several new taxa are described here for the first time, including the first occurrence of a stem-boreosphenidan mammal in Africa for this time-interval. In addition, chondrichthyans, pterosaurs and lissamphibians are documented. The analysis of taxonomic diversity and preservation of the fossils confirms a floodplain depositional environment (more precisely channel-type), in a higher velocity flow regime than previously thought based on studies of the macrofauna. To confirm the depositional environment inferred by the state of preservation of the fossils, a preliminary comparison with the fauna of similar age from the Santana Formation (Brazil) has been undertaken. The hypothesis of a communication between Africa and South America during the Aptian, as had already been demonstrated based on studies of the macrofauna, is strengthened.
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