| Summary: | Major insights into the relationship between life-history features and fitness have come from Lotka's proof that population growth rate is determined by the level (expected amount) of reproduction and the average timing of reproduction of an individual. But this classical result is limited to age-structured populations. Here we generalize this result to populations structured by stage and age by providing a new, unique measure of reproductive timing (Tc) that, along with net reproductive rate (R0), has a direct mathematical relationship to and approximates growth rate (r). We use simple examples to show how reproductive timing Tc and level R0 are shaped by stage dynamics (individual trait changes), selection on the trait, and parent-offspring phenotypic correlation. We also show how population structure can affect dispersion in reproduction among ages and stages. These macroscopic features of the life history determine population growth rate r and reveal a complex interplay of trait dynamics, timing, and level of reproduction. Our results contribute to a new framework of population and evolutionary dynamics in stage-and-age-structured populations. Killer Whale example code and matrix Matlab code for the killer whale example including stage structured transition matrix. Initial data published by Caswell (2001) based on Brault & Caswell (1993) simple_stage.m Killer Whale example output Output from the matlab code for the killer whale example. killer_out.mat Matlab code for two patch model run first This generates the matrices and information that is later used in the patches-analysis.m file. So run this file first. patches0.m Matlab code two patch example run second Matlab code for the two patch model that estimating the data used in Fig. 3 of the article patches_analysis.m Matlab output file for two patch model This is the Matlab output generated from the patches_analysis file patches1_out.mat Matlab code for two age class four size class example: matices Matlab code that generates the data for the two age ...
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