Data from: The herbivorous fish family Kyphosidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) represents a recent radiation from higher latitudes

• Main Authors: Knudsen, Steen Wilhelm, Choat, John Howard, Clements, Kendall D.
• Format: Dataset
• Language: unknown
• Published: 2019
• Subjects: Paleogene; Neogene; Girella cyanea; Girella nebulosa; Girella fimbriata; Kyphosus ocyurus; Paleocene; Kuhlia mugil; Kyphosus bigibbus; Girella nigricans; Girellidae; Medialuna california; Girella zebra; marine herbivorous fishes; Oligocene; Kyphosus cinerascens; Kyphosus vaigiensis; Atypichthys strigatus; Girella simplicidens; Kyphosus; Scorpis violaceus; sea chubs; Kyphosus sydneyanus; Hyperoglyphe antarctica; Oplegnathus woodwardi; Kyphosus azureus; Scorpis lineolata; Eocene; Kyphosus sectatrix; Kyphosus cornelii; Kyphosus elegans; Graus nigra; Microcanthus strigatus; Girella tricuspidata; Kyphosidae; Kyphosus hawaiiensis; Kyphosus gladius; Girella punctata; Neoscorpis litophilus; Pacific; Indian; Antarc*; Antarctica
• Online Access: https://zenodo.org/record/4996183; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3dv23p2

Aim: Herbivorous reef fishes are considered to have difficulty digesting plant material at extratropical temperatures, and are thus largely restricted to tropical waters where they are thought to have evolved. However, the herbivorous Kyphosidae, with both temperate and tropical species, provides an ideal opportunity to test this view. Previous studies have resolved the taxonomy and distribution patterns of all species. Here, we use a calibrated phylogeny to analyse the age, geographical origin and pattern of diversification of kyphosids to determine their origins in space and time, and thus refine hypotheses on the evolutionary origins of herbivory in reef fishes. Location: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Western Australia. Methods: The age and geographic origin of Kyphosidae were determined by incorporating fossil calibrations and species distributions onto a phylogeny of all extant species based on fragments from mitochondrial markers and three nuclear markers, and using Bayesian modelling to reconstruct ancestral distributions. Evolution of both diet and tooth shape were also examined using Bayesian ancestral reconstruction. Results: Ancestral reconstruction suggested a subtropical, southern hemisphere Indo-Pacific origin for the family. The chronogram indicates that Kyphosus originated in the early Miocene, and that tropical diversity reflects very recent diversification. Main conclusions: Contrary to the general perception that herbivorous reef fishes invaded high latitudes from the tropics, herbivorous kyphosids evolved at intermediate latitudes in the southern hemisphere and subsequently diversified into low latitudes where several species dispersed recently to achieve circumglobal distributions. The southern temperate/subtropical reef environment appears to have generated episodes of diversification in several, well-established, widespread reef fish taxa. Some of these reef fish taxa have remained restricted to southern temperate reef environments despite a long tenure in the Cenozoic (e.g. ...