| Summary: | The geographic and temporal origins of dogs remain controversial. We generated genetic sequences from 59 ancient dogs and a complete (28x) genome of a late Neolithic dog (dated to ~4800 calendar years before the present) from Ireland. Our analyses revealed a deep split separating modern East Asian and Western Eurasian dogs. Surprisingly, the date of this divergence (~14,000 to 6400 years ago) occurs commensurate with, or several millennia after, the first appearance of dogs in Europe and East Asia. Additional analyses of ancient and modern mitochondrial DNA revealed a sharp discontinuity in haplotype frequencies in Europe. Combined, these results suggest that dogs may have been domesticated independently in Eastern and Western Eurasia from distinct wolf populations. East Eurasian dogs were then possibly transported to Europe with people, where they partially replaced European Paleolithic dogs. Mitochondrial DNA FASTA file Contains all the novel mtDNA sequence published in this study mtDNA.fa Mitochondrial DNA information Contains long. lat. and archeological site information for the mtDNA sequences in mtDNA.fa mtDNA_info.xlsx Plink file (bed) Contains genotype for 605 dogs 605_dogs.bed Plink file (bim) Contains genotype for 605 dogs 605_dogs.bim Plink file (fam) Contains genotype for 605 dogs 605_dogs.fam Tree file (Nexus) based on Identity by State Tree in Figure 1a 605_dogs_IBS.nex
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