Ice-age persistence and genetic isolation of the disjunct distribution of larch in Alaska

• Main Authors: Napier, Joseph, Fernandez, Matias, de Lafontaine, Guillaume, Hu, Feng Sheng
• Format: Dataset
• Language: unknown
• Published: 2021
• Subjects: Larix laricina; transcontinental North American conifer; Alaska; Ice-age persistence; genetic isolation; Canada; Tamarack; Yukon
• Online Access: https://zenodo.org/record/4430752; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h9w0vt4dx

Larix laricina (eastern larch, tamarack) is a transcontinental North American conifer with a prominent disjunction in the Yukon isolating the Alaskan distribution from the rest of its range. We investigate whether in situ persistence during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) or long-distance postglacial migration from south of the ice sheets resulted in the modern-day Alaskan distribution. We analyzed variation in three chloroplast DNA regions of 840 trees from a total of 69 populations (24 new sampling sites situated on both sides of the Yukon range disjunction pooled with 45 populations from a published source) and conducted ensemble species distribution modeling (SDM) throughout Canada and USA to hindcast the potential range of Larix laricina during the LGM. We uncovered the genetic signature of a long-term isolation of larch populations in Alaska, identifying three endemic chlorotypes and low levels of genetic diversity. Range-wide analysis across North America revealed the presence of a distinct Alaskan lineage. Postglacial gene flow across the Yukon divide was unidirectional, from Alaska toward previously glaciated Canadian regions, and with no evidence of immigration into Alaska. Hindcast SDM indicates one of broadest areas of past climate suitability for Larix laricina existed in central Alaska, suggesting possible in situ persistence of larch in Alaska during the LGM. Our results provide the first unambiguous evidence for the long-term isolation of Larix laricina in Alaska that extends beyond the last glacial period and into the present interglacial period. The lack of gene flow into Alaska along with the overall probability of larch occurrence in Alaska being currently lower than during the LGM, suggest that modern-day Alaskan larch populations are isolated climate relicts of broader glacial distributions, and so are particularly vulnerable to current warming trends.