Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound
Potential responses of marine mammals to anthropogenic underwater sound are usually assessed by researchers and regulators on the basis of exposure to a single, relatively loud sound source. However, marine mammals typically receive sounds from multiple, dynamic sources. We developed a method to agg...
Main Authors: | , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Text |
Language: | unknown |
Published: |
W&M ScholarWorks
2016
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://scholarworks.wm.edu/aspubs/434 https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1434&context=aspubs |
id |
ftwilliammarycol:oai:scholarworks.wm.edu:aspubs-1434 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftwilliammarycol:oai:scholarworks.wm.edu:aspubs-1434 2023-05-15T15:35:58+02:00 Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound Ellison, William T. Racca, Roberto Clark, Christopher W. Leu, Matthias 2016-01-01T08:00:00Z application/pdf https://scholarworks.wm.edu/aspubs/434 https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1434&context=aspubs unknown W&M ScholarWorks https://scholarworks.wm.edu/aspubs/434 https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1434&context=aspubs Arts & Sciences Articles text 2016 ftwilliammarycol 2021-01-03T17:12:02Z Potential responses of marine mammals to anthropogenic underwater sound are usually assessed by researchers and regulators on the basis of exposure to a single, relatively loud sound source. However, marine mammals typically receive sounds from multiple, dynamic sources. We developed a method to aggregate modeled sounds from multiple sources and estimate the sound levels received by individuals. To illustrate the method, we modeled the sound fields of 9 sources associated with oil development and estimated the sound received over 47 d by a population of 10 000 simulated bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus on their annual migration through the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Empirical data were sufficient to parameterize simulations of the distribution of individual whales over time and their range of movement patterns. We ran 2 simulations to estimate the sound exposure history and distances traveled by bowhead whales: one in which they could change their movement paths (avert) in response to set levels of sound and one in which they could not avert. When animals could not avert, about 2% of the simulated population was exposed to root mean square (rms) sound pressure levels (SPL) >= 180 dB re 1 mu Pa, a level that regulators in the U.S. often associate with injury. When animals could avert from sound levels that regulators often associate with behavioral disturbance (rms SPL > 160 dB re 1 mu Pa), < 1% of the simulated population was exposed to levels associated with injury. Nevertheless, many simulated bowhead whales received sound levels considerably above ambient throughout their migration. Our method enables estimates of the aggregated level of sound to which populations are exposed over extensive areas and time periods. Text Balaena mysticetus Beaufort Sea W&M ScholarWorks |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
W&M ScholarWorks |
op_collection_id |
ftwilliammarycol |
language |
unknown |
description |
Potential responses of marine mammals to anthropogenic underwater sound are usually assessed by researchers and regulators on the basis of exposure to a single, relatively loud sound source. However, marine mammals typically receive sounds from multiple, dynamic sources. We developed a method to aggregate modeled sounds from multiple sources and estimate the sound levels received by individuals. To illustrate the method, we modeled the sound fields of 9 sources associated with oil development and estimated the sound received over 47 d by a population of 10 000 simulated bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus on their annual migration through the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Empirical data were sufficient to parameterize simulations of the distribution of individual whales over time and their range of movement patterns. We ran 2 simulations to estimate the sound exposure history and distances traveled by bowhead whales: one in which they could change their movement paths (avert) in response to set levels of sound and one in which they could not avert. When animals could not avert, about 2% of the simulated population was exposed to root mean square (rms) sound pressure levels (SPL) >= 180 dB re 1 mu Pa, a level that regulators in the U.S. often associate with injury. When animals could avert from sound levels that regulators often associate with behavioral disturbance (rms SPL > 160 dB re 1 mu Pa), < 1% of the simulated population was exposed to levels associated with injury. Nevertheless, many simulated bowhead whales received sound levels considerably above ambient throughout their migration. Our method enables estimates of the aggregated level of sound to which populations are exposed over extensive areas and time periods. |
format |
Text |
author |
Ellison, William T. Racca, Roberto Clark, Christopher W. Leu, Matthias |
spellingShingle |
Ellison, William T. Racca, Roberto Clark, Christopher W. Leu, Matthias Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
author_facet |
Ellison, William T. Racca, Roberto Clark, Christopher W. Leu, Matthias |
author_sort |
Ellison, William T. |
title |
Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
title_short |
Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
title_full |
Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
title_fullStr |
Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
title_full_unstemmed |
Modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
title_sort |
modeling the aggregated exposure and responses of bowhead whales balaena mysticetus to multiple sources of anthropogenic underwater sound |
publisher |
W&M ScholarWorks |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
https://scholarworks.wm.edu/aspubs/434 https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1434&context=aspubs |
genre |
Balaena mysticetus Beaufort Sea |
genre_facet |
Balaena mysticetus Beaufort Sea |
op_source |
Arts & Sciences Articles |
op_relation |
https://scholarworks.wm.edu/aspubs/434 https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1434&context=aspubs |
_version_ |
1766366306899066880 |