The influence of sea ice, wind speed and marine mammals on Southern Ocean ambient sound

• Published in: Royal Society Open Science
• Main Authors: Menze, Sebastian, Zitterbart, Daniel, Van Opzeeland, Ilse, Boebel, Olaf
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: The Royal Society 2017
• Subjects: Antarctic; Southern Ocean; The Antarctic; Austral; Greenwich; Hydrurga; Antarc*; Antarctic Minke whale; Balaenoptera bonaerensis; Balaenoptera musculus; Balaenoptera physalus; Fin whale; Hydrurga leptonyx; Leopard Seals; minke whale; Sea ice
• Online Access: https://hdl.handle.net/1912/8817

© The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Royal Society Open Science 4 (2017): 160370, doi:10.1098/rsos.160370. This paper describes the natural variability of ambient sound in the Southern Ocean, an acoustically pristine marine mammal habitat. Over a 3-year period, two autonomous recorders were moored along the Greenwich meridian to collect underwater passive acoustic data. Ambient sound levels were strongly affected by the annual variation of the sea-ice cover, which decouples local wind speed and sound levels during austral winter. With increasing sea-ice concentration, area and thickness, sound levels decreased while the contribution of distant sources increased. Marine mammal sounds formed a substantial part of the overall acoustic environment, comprising calls produced by Antarctic blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia), fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) and leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx). The combined sound energy of a group or population vocalizing during extended periods contributed species-specific peaks to the ambient sound spectra. The temporal and spatial variation in the contribution of marine mammals to ambient sound suggests annual patterns in migration and behaviour. The Antarctic blue and fin whale contributions were loudest in austral autumn, whereas the Antarctic minke whale contribution was loudest during austral winter and repeatedly showed a diel pattern that coincided with the diel vertical migration of zooplankton.