Evolution of a Canada Basin ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone
© The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016): 6223–6250, doi:10.1002/2016JC011778. A comprehensive set of autonomous, ice-ocean measurements w...
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Language: | English |
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Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/1912/8561 |
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ftwhoas:oai:darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org:1912/8561 2023-05-15T15:48:48+02:00 Evolution of a Canada Basin ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone Gallaher, Shawn G. Stanton, Timothy P. Shaw, William J. Cole, Sylvia T. Toole, John M. Wilkinson, Jeremy P. Maksym, Ted Hwang, Byongjun 2016-08-22 https://hdl.handle.net/1912/8561 en_US eng John Wiley & Sons https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011778 Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016): 6223–6250 https://hdl.handle.net/1912/8561 doi:10.1002/2016JC011778 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CC-BY-NC-ND Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016): 6223–6250 doi:10.1002/2016JC011778 IOBL-OML evolution Ephemeral pycnocline Summer mixed layer Ocean heat storage Thermodynamic MIZ Melt pond drainage Article 2016 ftwhoas https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011778 2022-05-28T22:59:45Z © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016): 6223–6250, doi:10.1002/2016JC011778. A comprehensive set of autonomous, ice-ocean measurements were collected across the Canada Basin to study the summer evolution of the ice-ocean boundary layer (IOBL) and ocean mixed layer (OML). Evaluation of local heat and freshwater balances and associated turbulent forcing reveals that melt ponds (MPs) strongly influence the summer IOBL-OML evolution. Areal expansion of MPs in mid-June start the upper ocean evolution resulting in significant increases to ocean absorbed radiative flux (19 W m−2 in this study). Buoyancy provided by MP drainage shoals and freshens the IOBL resulting in a 39 MJ m−2 increase in heat storage in just 19 days (52% of the summer total). Following MP drainage, a near-surface fresh layer deepens through shear-forced mixing to form the summer mixed layer (sML). In late summer, basal melt increases due to stronger turbulent mixing in the thin sML and the expansion of open water areas due in part to wind-forced divergence of the sea ice. Thermal heterogeneities in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) upper ocean led to large ocean-to-ice heat fluxes (100–200 W m−2) and enhanced basal ice melt (3–6 cm d−1), well away from the ice edge. Calculation of the upper ocean heat budget shows that local radiative heat input accounted for at least 89% of the observed latent heat losses and heat storage (partitioned 0.77/0.23). These results suggest that the extensive area of deteriorating sea ice observed away from the ice edge during the 2014 season, termed the “thermodynamically forced MIZ,” was driven primarily by local shortwave radiative forcing. This material is based upon research supported by, or in part by, the U.S. Office of Naval Research under award numbers N0001414WX20089, N0001415WX01195, and N00014-12-1- 0140. Article in Journal/Newspaper canada basin Sea ice Woods Hole Scientific Community: WHOAS (Woods Hole Open Access Server) Canada Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 8 6223 6250 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Woods Hole Scientific Community: WHOAS (Woods Hole Open Access Server) |
op_collection_id |
ftwhoas |
language |
English |
topic |
IOBL-OML evolution Ephemeral pycnocline Summer mixed layer Ocean heat storage Thermodynamic MIZ Melt pond drainage |
spellingShingle |
IOBL-OML evolution Ephemeral pycnocline Summer mixed layer Ocean heat storage Thermodynamic MIZ Melt pond drainage Gallaher, Shawn G. Stanton, Timothy P. Shaw, William J. Cole, Sylvia T. Toole, John M. Wilkinson, Jeremy P. Maksym, Ted Hwang, Byongjun Evolution of a Canada Basin ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone |
topic_facet |
IOBL-OML evolution Ephemeral pycnocline Summer mixed layer Ocean heat storage Thermodynamic MIZ Melt pond drainage |
description |
© The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016): 6223–6250, doi:10.1002/2016JC011778. A comprehensive set of autonomous, ice-ocean measurements were collected across the Canada Basin to study the summer evolution of the ice-ocean boundary layer (IOBL) and ocean mixed layer (OML). Evaluation of local heat and freshwater balances and associated turbulent forcing reveals that melt ponds (MPs) strongly influence the summer IOBL-OML evolution. Areal expansion of MPs in mid-June start the upper ocean evolution resulting in significant increases to ocean absorbed radiative flux (19 W m−2 in this study). Buoyancy provided by MP drainage shoals and freshens the IOBL resulting in a 39 MJ m−2 increase in heat storage in just 19 days (52% of the summer total). Following MP drainage, a near-surface fresh layer deepens through shear-forced mixing to form the summer mixed layer (sML). In late summer, basal melt increases due to stronger turbulent mixing in the thin sML and the expansion of open water areas due in part to wind-forced divergence of the sea ice. Thermal heterogeneities in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) upper ocean led to large ocean-to-ice heat fluxes (100–200 W m−2) and enhanced basal ice melt (3–6 cm d−1), well away from the ice edge. Calculation of the upper ocean heat budget shows that local radiative heat input accounted for at least 89% of the observed latent heat losses and heat storage (partitioned 0.77/0.23). These results suggest that the extensive area of deteriorating sea ice observed away from the ice edge during the 2014 season, termed the “thermodynamically forced MIZ,” was driven primarily by local shortwave radiative forcing. This material is based upon research supported by, or in part by, the U.S. Office of Naval Research under award numbers N0001414WX20089, N0001415WX01195, and N00014-12-1- 0140. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Gallaher, Shawn G. Stanton, Timothy P. Shaw, William J. Cole, Sylvia T. Toole, John M. Wilkinson, Jeremy P. Maksym, Ted Hwang, Byongjun |
author_facet |
Gallaher, Shawn G. Stanton, Timothy P. Shaw, William J. Cole, Sylvia T. Toole, John M. Wilkinson, Jeremy P. Maksym, Ted Hwang, Byongjun |
author_sort |
Gallaher, Shawn G. |
title |
Evolution of a Canada Basin ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone |
title_short |
Evolution of a Canada Basin ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone |
title_full |
Evolution of a Canada Basin ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone |
title_fullStr |
Evolution of a Canada Basin ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone |
title_full_unstemmed |
Evolution of a Canada Basin ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone |
title_sort |
evolution of a canada basin ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone |
publisher |
John Wiley & Sons |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/1912/8561 |
geographic |
Canada |
geographic_facet |
Canada |
genre |
canada basin Sea ice |
genre_facet |
canada basin Sea ice |
op_source |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016): 6223–6250 doi:10.1002/2016JC011778 |
op_relation |
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011778 Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016): 6223–6250 https://hdl.handle.net/1912/8561 doi:10.1002/2016JC011778 |
op_rights |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY-NC-ND |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011778 |
container_title |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |
container_volume |
121 |
container_issue |
8 |
container_start_page |
6223 |
op_container_end_page |
6250 |
_version_ |
1766383912431386624 |