Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice
© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ackley, S. F., Perovich, D. K., Maksym, T., Weissling, B., & Xie, H. Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice. Annals of Glaciology, 61(82),...
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Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/1912/26491 |
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ftwhoas:oai:darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org:1912/26491 2023-05-15T13:23:59+02:00 Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice Ackley, Stephen Perovich, Donald K. Maksym, Ted Weissling, Blake Xie, Hongjie 2020-06-11 https://hdl.handle.net/1912/26491 unknown Cambridge University Press https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.22 Ackley, S. F., Perovich, D. K., Maksym, T., Weissling, B., & Xie, H. (2020). Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice. Annals of Glaciology, 61(82), 117-126. https://hdl.handle.net/1912/26491 doi:10.1017/aog.2020.22 Attribution 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ CC-BY Ackley, S. F., Perovich, D. K., Maksym, T., Weissling, B., & Xie, H. (2020). Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice. Annals of Glaciology, 61(82), 117-126. doi:10.1017/aog.2020.22 Ice/ocean interactions Sea ice Sea-ice growth and decay Snow/ice surface processes Article 2020 ftwhoas https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.22 2022-10-22T22:57:09Z © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ackley, S. F., Perovich, D. K., Maksym, T., Weissling, B., & Xie, H. Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice. Annals of Glaciology, 61(82), (2020): 117-126, doi:10.1017/aog.2020.22. The surface flooding of Antarctic sea ice in summer covers 50% or more of the sea-ice area in the major summer ice packs, the western Weddell and the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Seas. Two CRREL ice mass-balance buoys were deployed on the Amundsen Sea pack in late December 2010 from the icebreaker Oden, bridging the summer period (January–February 2011). Temperature records from thermistors embedded vertically in the snow and ice showed progressive increases in the depth of the flooded layer (up to 0.3–0.35 m) on the ice cover during January and February. While the snow depth was relatively unchanged from accumulation (<10 cm), ice thickness decreased by up to a meter from bottom melting during this period. Contemporaneous with the high bottom melting, under-ice water temperatures up to 1°C above the freezing point were found. The high temperature arises from solar heating of the upper mixed layer which can occur when ice concentration in the local area falls and lower albedo ocean water is exposed to radiative heating. The higher proportion of snow ice found in the Amundsen Sea pack ice therefore results from both winter snowfall and summer ice bottom melt found here that can lead to extensive surface flooding. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant to UTSA, ANT-0839053-Sea Ice System in Antarctic Summer (S.F. Ackley, H. Xie and B. Weissling), and to WHOI, ANT-1341513 (T. Maksym), and by the NASA Center for Advanced Measurements in Extreme Environments or NASA-CAMEE at UTSA, NASA #80NSSC19M0194 (S.F. Ackley, H. Xie, B.Weissling). Article in Journal/Newspaper Amundsen Sea Annals of Glaciology Antarc* Antarctic oden Sea ice Woods Hole Scientific Community: WHOAS (Woods Hole Open Access Server) Amundsen Sea Antarctic Weddell Annals of Glaciology 61 82 117 126 |
institution |
Open Polar |
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Woods Hole Scientific Community: WHOAS (Woods Hole Open Access Server) |
op_collection_id |
ftwhoas |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Ice/ocean interactions Sea ice Sea-ice growth and decay Snow/ice surface processes |
spellingShingle |
Ice/ocean interactions Sea ice Sea-ice growth and decay Snow/ice surface processes Ackley, Stephen Perovich, Donald K. Maksym, Ted Weissling, Blake Xie, Hongjie Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice |
topic_facet |
Ice/ocean interactions Sea ice Sea-ice growth and decay Snow/ice surface processes |
description |
© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ackley, S. F., Perovich, D. K., Maksym, T., Weissling, B., & Xie, H. Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice. Annals of Glaciology, 61(82), (2020): 117-126, doi:10.1017/aog.2020.22. The surface flooding of Antarctic sea ice in summer covers 50% or more of the sea-ice area in the major summer ice packs, the western Weddell and the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Seas. Two CRREL ice mass-balance buoys were deployed on the Amundsen Sea pack in late December 2010 from the icebreaker Oden, bridging the summer period (January–February 2011). Temperature records from thermistors embedded vertically in the snow and ice showed progressive increases in the depth of the flooded layer (up to 0.3–0.35 m) on the ice cover during January and February. While the snow depth was relatively unchanged from accumulation (<10 cm), ice thickness decreased by up to a meter from bottom melting during this period. Contemporaneous with the high bottom melting, under-ice water temperatures up to 1°C above the freezing point were found. The high temperature arises from solar heating of the upper mixed layer which can occur when ice concentration in the local area falls and lower albedo ocean water is exposed to radiative heating. The higher proportion of snow ice found in the Amundsen Sea pack ice therefore results from both winter snowfall and summer ice bottom melt found here that can lead to extensive surface flooding. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant to UTSA, ANT-0839053-Sea Ice System in Antarctic Summer (S.F. Ackley, H. Xie and B. Weissling), and to WHOI, ANT-1341513 (T. Maksym), and by the NASA Center for Advanced Measurements in Extreme Environments or NASA-CAMEE at UTSA, NASA #80NSSC19M0194 (S.F. Ackley, H. Xie, B.Weissling). |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Ackley, Stephen Perovich, Donald K. Maksym, Ted Weissling, Blake Xie, Hongjie |
author_facet |
Ackley, Stephen Perovich, Donald K. Maksym, Ted Weissling, Blake Xie, Hongjie |
author_sort |
Ackley, Stephen |
title |
Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice |
title_short |
Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice |
title_full |
Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice |
title_fullStr |
Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice |
title_full_unstemmed |
Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice |
title_sort |
surface flooding of antarctic summer sea ice |
publisher |
Cambridge University Press |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/1912/26491 |
geographic |
Amundsen Sea Antarctic Weddell |
geographic_facet |
Amundsen Sea Antarctic Weddell |
genre |
Amundsen Sea Annals of Glaciology Antarc* Antarctic oden Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Amundsen Sea Annals of Glaciology Antarc* Antarctic oden Sea ice |
op_source |
Ackley, S. F., Perovich, D. K., Maksym, T., Weissling, B., & Xie, H. (2020). Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice. Annals of Glaciology, 61(82), 117-126. doi:10.1017/aog.2020.22 |
op_relation |
https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.22 Ackley, S. F., Perovich, D. K., Maksym, T., Weissling, B., & Xie, H. (2020). Surface flooding of Antarctic summer sea ice. Annals of Glaciology, 61(82), 117-126. https://hdl.handle.net/1912/26491 doi:10.1017/aog.2020.22 |
op_rights |
Attribution 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.22 |
container_title |
Annals of Glaciology |
container_volume |
61 |
container_issue |
82 |
container_start_page |
117 |
op_container_end_page |
126 |
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1766376755647479808 |