| Summary: | Horace Kephart (1862-1931) was a noted naturalist, woodsman, journalist, and author. In 1904, he left St. Louis and permanently moved to western North Carolina. Living and working in a cabin on Hazel Creek in Swain County, Kephart began to document life in the Great Smoky Mountains. He created 27 journals in which he made copious notes on a variety of topics. Journal 16 (previously known as Journal XXVII) includes comments on civilization and information on camp life and wilderness. Click the link in the Related Materials field to view a table of contents for this journal. T= 4 ~.; . )r:. ~ X= ~- c . " ~ -~. 7'= -,?. ~- -e. • !t"f I I -' 2./f, . 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Now a certain proportion of unfortunate mankind will perhaps always have to live in Runless cells out of sight of all things that grow; but as long as living 1mdcr such conditions is frankly regarded as o misfortune of poverty-as lifo in tho slum -all is not lost. '£enement dwellers may keep some memory of green fields and dream of the joy of steppi11g on tho unpaved ground; there is still some hope of normal life for them. But when mon nutl womt•n puy hnge sums of money for fashionable '' npurtnwnts'' and by choice live under conditions that dry 11p th~ sap of individuality, a. hopeless social condition follows. Such persons regard tho country as a thing that they have discarded except for condescending summer uses. Caged life has become the natural lifo to them and they have forgotten that they arc a sort of zoOlogical specimen rather than healthy individuals. Our grandfathers regarded it as a misfortune that they were obliged to lhe in tun-nels for houses-that is, in city houses built in blocks, which could have sunlight only from the front and the rear. They could not foresee the contentment of well-to-do people of our genera.tion with the still greater surrender of individual freedom which has come with the fiat. The hived and smothered millions that from necessity or from choice know only a contracted indoor existence and have become reconciled to it or even content with it-these are our real z:~aupers, whether they be rich or poor. It is not easy for a man to dwell in a flat and be a generous-natured gentleman nor can a natural womanhood flower out of reach of sunlight and the soil. The convenient artificiality of apartment life is the more dangerous the more comfortable it is made for the more persons it then seduces from the1 fundamental virtue of a natural individuality.Thf' World's Work, Januar!l, 1903. I J ~ . ~ . It.,~- . ~ ~ ~ ;;_ .,aJt •, ~I "f. ~ 1-~ ;.p.c!f~f ~ J, lx I • ,. • I. )f;'fA~--- - (!,, l.f: !!, /. l1 /~, Jfj, }, ?1.} 0. • v. II I DR.E.L.TRUDEAU DEAD AT SARANAC Plon.eer of the Open-Air Treatment for Tuberculosis- 67 Years Old. HIMSELF A CONSUMPTIVE Went to the Adirondacks When Hla Caae Had Been Pronounced Hopeleaa. Rp~tli•ll to ThP ;.'rtf' l'or1,1 Tlmi'B, SARANAC J,,\l\:1~. N.Y., Nov. 1:1.-Dr, Edward Livingston 'l'rudcnu, pioneer In Am~rlca of tho• oven-air trt'atm<'nt fot· tuhcrculosls, RJHI heacl of tho famous 1Adirondnck Cottage Sanitarium, diN\ here toduy nftcr O\'er forty years' hat· tie against the disease to !he conquest of wh!!'h he d vo1cd his life. He wna conscious ulmoRt to the mo· ment of death. At his bcdsldt> were Mrs. 'l'rudenu and a son, Ih. Prnncls H. Trudeau; also his cousin, Lawrence Aspinwall of New Y01 k, nncl his per· 11onnl phyalclnn•. Dr. J<:uward H. Bald· win nnd I>r. J. ·wcodR Price. Tho entire town and community whi<'h grew up n rouud his Ia bora of humanitarian F<~lcnco Ill'" tonight tn the profoundest gloom. The funl'ral will tnlce plnco ThurRday evf'\nlng, 'l'he Rervke Is to bo at tltn Church of st: Luke the B loved l'hys\· <'ian, which he foundrd hor& a quarter ot a century llgo, 'l'he Intermont will be In the churchyal'<l of St. John'!! In the 'V\Iderucsa, which he founded also, at Paul Smith's, and where a daughter ancl n. son lie burled. DR. E. L. TRUDEAU. R<"peatt"cl Koch'" F.SJ>Crlmt"nt•. Dr. Trudeau was also one of the first IICientlflc workers In lhl8 country to oiJ· For the wav<~ of agitation for open taln the tubPrcle bacillus In pure windows in offlcNJ anli homes that has cultur<'~1 after Koch's announcement of swept the country In recent year11 and Ita dlseover~· In 188:.!. Trudeau also re· tor the erection thl'oughout the United peatcd all Kocn's Inoculation expert· States and Canada. of about 000 !lana- ments deaplt('l tho fact that h!t had .,o t f t hoot"· no apparatus, and, as he con~ torla !nr tho open-air trcatmen ° tt• fl'l!S<'d himself, " an Indifferent mediCld berculosls the example and Influence of~ t>ducatlon." He hurl to keep his guln<'a the late Dr. Edward Livingston Tru<leau J'lgs In a holr. in the ground and wnrmrd I t with a kerosene lamp to prevent their a.re mainly rcspon ·ib n. freezing In the Adirondack "'Inter He was the pioneer in •Am~rlca of the nights. He grew hill tubHcle bacilli in pra.ctl<'e of those theories laid down by In a home-made tlwrmostat healed by a II I 1 1 t d kerosene Lamp, which cxpl0dcd one night Brehmer nnd nottwe N', w 10 ns 8 e while hr was In New York City and 111 that climate is not the only and all-1m· and burned hts house, cultures records porta.nt factor in treating tuberculo!ll" guinea pigE, an<l everything to the and that tho consumptive Is never m- ground. '!'he blow was a terrlhlo one to jured by exposure to inclem.-nt weather the Rsplrlng young physician, but he provided he is accustomed, or accustoms took heart from a. letter which Sir "Tillhimself, to Jlvinr; constantly out o! i~m Osler sent him. doors. It was upon thts theory that Dr. " Dear Trudeau," wrote Osler " 1 am Trudeau built In 188ii a shack In the 11orry to hear of your misfortune but Adirondack wildo;rness, where he tried t ke my word for It, there 1~ nothing !Ike the " cure •· himself and coaxed two a fire to make a. man do the phoenix other patients to sit In a ~hair In the trick." open all day wrapped up in blanketa Trudeau did lt. Almost upon the ashes v.·hen the thermometer was somewhere f hill crude labor~ttory pre1<ent1y aroPe around 4() below zero. But the exper- e first and perhaps best-equipped lment was so successful that today, t.hora.tory for medical research in where that little shack still stands, Am.-t·ica. George C. Cooper of New nre>nnd tt have risen the many vast York oe.me forwarn with the neressary buildings that make up the lillie mount- rapital. It wn~ out of this laboratory aln to~> n or Trudeau, N. Y., and lese that (as Dr, Tntdeau's death lifts the than two miles nwny has eprvng. up mbargo of sccrecv) there came the Saranac Lalfc, which grow with 'l'ru· article which, pubitshed In the Sundean's great work from a. Rawmlll and clay eilltlon of TnN NEw YoRK TIMJC!! !'IX houpes In 1~77 to a. sanitary city on the very morning that Dr. F. from which ew York is said to have F. Frleilmann arrl\•erl In this country modeled its health code. cau,e-d many physicians to chango tbel; opinions overnight as to the merits of the German's claltn of a "cure " for tuberculo~ls by his " turtle "• serum. The article, while the writing waa done by his assistants, wns really an E>xpresslon of the vltowR of Trudeau, who had known, studied, ani! dlscatded as useles11 the cerms that both Friedmann ana Piorkowski tried to commercial zc. A r or t • aThe change ttributed to the p e n t d ith th n tion o n ic te th t t11 nt septic by but t th processes hi antis not ound 1 ir .clalist on Com- 0 o N ork, . CAP LIF•- Restfuln o o . Hamerton, n a bo t on a slug ish stream. C • I e.-•~u._· Forest at ni tlt, rocke gently by the summer breeze, and so tly crooning a ull~by that soothes one to drerumless leep. weet t lo of some night-bird in the dark thi ket. ~Hark! do I dream?~ Song of the Open Road. Afoot and light-hearted, I take to the open road, Healthy, free, the world before me, The long brown path before me, leading wherever I choose. Henceforth I ask not good-fortune-! myself am good fortune; Henceforth I whimper no more, postpone no more, need nothing, Strong and content, I travel the open road. -Walt Whitman. CAMP LIFE- Recreation of . Hearty appetite . Keen for vigorous achievement . You should get a'ray from everything that suggests hurry , wo ry , and toil . VICISSI UD S 0 CA P LI Ther are men hose thou hts of the iilderness e t11ose of' a tinoro a old lady ho has n v r be n forty miles om home . As to actual danger in the woods ,~ you are saf r t an at home . There is no wilderness on this continen here I would be nervous about sp nding a night alone and una~ d; but I cannot say so r.;uch -~"or all parts o:f our cities . rk ~ 1 ~ 1~1 ~ .t. -·f'U .:.-~,.1>-.~t;,t "'. .cq;~ r~ . ,., .,&. ~-~- ~: dvaft: ~. ~-wu-, -~ f. :ILG. ~·~r .,.,.u~ p.1L dir ~ M,._ fta;-~ ~I ~ lf.p<- ~ ' There is, ho ev r, a seamy side to earn lif'e, as to ev rything else . There i disillusion , even abject misery, in store or the ignorant, t11e :foolhardy, and the improvident . A-1 f1'), N2 . Lowndes,97 . Nessmu.k . e_!_ J )to. VICISSITUDES. "But the tl ptlle of woe a.r "ound,d and the limit of pat,enc r ached wh n you ar fore d tog t br .a.kfa.t in the dripping for ~t. After the chill of early dawn you are al~ay~ r luctant in th b r~t of circumr~tanc. to leav your blank tA, to fumbl, tith numbed fingerA for matches to handl cold ete 1 and lipp,ry fiAll. But when very 1 af, twig, t~apltng, and tr e contains .a douche of cold wa.t r; when th wetn As oozes about your mocca.ine from th Aoggy earth with every et p you take; vrhen you look about you and r ,aliz that aom how, b fore you can get a mouthful to bani h that bftforebreakfafllt ill-humor, you mu~t brav cold wat r in an att mpt to fincl enough fuel to cook with, then your philoApohy and ,arly religiou~ training avail you little." (Whit • The Fore~t,p.47.) 11 Wet, heat, cold, hunger, thirst, difficult trav 1, ins cts, hard beds, aching muscl s - all these at one time or another will be your portion. If you are of the class that cannot hav a good tim unlesA everything ie right with it, ~tay out of th woods. One thing at leaRt will alwayA b~ wrong. When you have gained the faculty of ignoring th one disagreeabl thing and cone ntrating your powers on the compen~atione, th n you will hav bocom a true woodsman, and to your desireA the forest will nlrays b calling." (Same, pp.llG-117.) SKILL IN WILDORAFT • .Ji)lation comparable to that of' a sailor .- "Giv me the yachtsman that , tiller in hand, can stand on hia own quarter-deck every :1nch the captain s ell as the o ner; wllo, ith one ey on the weather and the other on his canvas, can make his little ship tall::: to him in her o n silent f shion, and ho seems to impart to her movements a life, an almost b eathing, bounding 1 e, t11e counterpart of' his own gallant and determined spir t, revelling n and enjoying t11e rapid rush through the foam-capped sea, the wild excitement of the hm·tling squall, or the fierce battle with the strong gale through which he can carry her with the confiden·e nd skill of a daring sailor ." (Vanderdecken, quoted in Hamerton's Landscape , 403 . ) The buoy . nt self-reliance of a true woodsman, his elation in the resourcefulness of his own skill to fend off danger and to compell the desert to yield him comfort , is comparable only to that of a sailor ho whistles as he puts his tiny vessel out to sea • . . , L. · . . tao 1 -.a ,_, ~ A-~ ~ IJ- r;;t;:£.:; "'- ~ ~· . --=-~ . t;-~ ~ H .;:. ,., , ~ ? ')t.;:t;:c: ~ ~ ~ , rr~ ~f.-,!.' '* ~" NW' ~ _ . -+-l~D" -.::~.-. /}- #V ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ >t:.;;:::r A woodsman should be as handy as a sailor . {i ~ ~)._._ ~ ,. !fr.Jr. It .J.£ ~ .#- ~ /'; ~· GOING ALONE. to •of cou:rse it is jollY nough to o with a arty and.A.have oook, with a~ the utensi~ , and atablish a regular oamp, eith r with tent or loc oabin, espeoialljr i~ a long stay is desired. I enjoy it mysel~ oooasionally; but, in this ay, one oannot ro~ as tree as a bird trom lake to lake, aoroa porta es, pen tratin& into the ildest and most romantic of nature's so nes, as I love to do, oanu>i when night •a shadows begin to ful.; here to-night, and ail a awayp perhaps, the next. To me this is the ay to enjoy the grandeur and majesty of natur •" (•aapt nor a1 Finn in_.~ ~.,oot.l9,1882.) ~-$. ~M. ~ 1.,_,/w.;41. ./U4~ '1.Mt. f-t- eaU a-l ~tula· tPut,l._, MIM- ~. ~ tc-~ d' .M~a£. 1 ~ ~. ~ Jtr' ~- ,.dr 1 ~kit: ;~t~·d_ ~ . 1 ~.;aitJii ~. ~#J;ll. &,./,;-~ ~ E'fbt.JMY1 Jt;_~ .d. '!tt ~,LI 1/fr ~" ~ ~ ~ "--- 1fUL ~a . ac. ~.;J;-l44- J.J:~ .,~ fu4 ~ ~+ 44- r>K- ~ ~. ~ h . 14 ~ -kM.R,;,. K .AUM-. ~I I.J: a. JJU, 'JI.c filL kwu kn"-' 1 ~ -.C.t., &. 14. ,.tfi loAL:(.L y ~- ~1.8:-- ) ~-W'~,I{. BY THE CAMP-FIRE. It i~ but a littl~ aft r ~-v~n. Th long crimson .:ado. of the North Country ar lifting acroAe th iel of th foreet. You fllit on a log, or li on your back, and blow c nt nt d cloud etra.igl1t up into th air. Nothing can di. turb you now. The wilclernefll 1. youre, for you hav ta.k n from it th a .ntinls of primitive clbvilizntion,-- Ahel t r, warmtlt, and food. An hour ago a rainstorm would have been a minor catastr01)h . Now you do not care. Blow high, blow low, you 1u1v , mad for yourself an abiding-plac , no that th Rign. of th . ky are less important to you than to th city d 7ell r 1110 \' ond rr~ if h should tak an urnbrella. From your dooret p you on.n look . placidly out on the gr at unknown. Th noiaee of tl1e for .st dra close about you tll ir circle of myst ry, but the circle cannot br ak upon you, for h r you hav conjw.· d th homely Aounde of kettle and crackling flame to k p ward. Thronging down through the twilight · ~teal the jealous oodland fllhadowA, awful in th rmblimity of th Silent Plact"t , but at th sentry outposts of your fire-lit treee thy pause like wild animals, h.sitating to advanctt. The wilder-nes. , untamed, d.r• ~ adf'ul at nlght, ir~ all about; but thiA on lit tl spot you hav r claimed. H r ie son: ing befor unkno m to the eeri pirits of th oods. As you sleepily knock the eh e from the pipe, you look about on th fnmiliar . cene ith nccUIIItomed satisfaction. You are at hom .••. You h . ar th littl!'r night prowl rs; you glimpe th greater. A faint, eearching ·woods p,.,rfume of dampn Afll gr te your nostrile. And eomehov, my.teriou.ly in a mann.r not to b und retood, the fore . of tlH" wo l<l ee m in suep .ns 1 ae though a touch might cry At 1- lize infinit poseibilities into inflnit pow r and motion. But th touch lacke. Th forces hover on th dge of action, unhe ding the little nois s. In all humbl ness and aw , you ar a dw ll .r of th Silent Places." ( St wa1·t l~dward Whit , The F'or et, pp. 49, 50, 57. ) 0 RIVEH OATI~ • "To one hith rto accu tonact to journey on hers ack or to n aaure the ~n lloss rlist. nces of the <1esert ron the ack o:f a e ay ng c mel, it as a pleasure al tor;PthPr unl u·e any thine be:fore exp 1•1 need, to have the current carry one along ~ithout jolt or jar, tr n-uilly, peace:fu11y, noiselessly-- to me a plAf:G\'l' ,itlt, t lRJ' 1e to sit at r:r~,r work-table in the ·elcone ~he de an'i ave the an soape come to 1 flAt t·te. m ullinr, i tset l il~e an ever-0hang1ng panorama, lhile [ ~atche~ it us rro 1 a cosy box in a t eatro . An it s equally delir,htf.'ul to t'eel that l as, so to SflAAk, a1 aye at h me, and in my om stucty, rttl1 ny own sleevinp;-char.ther close by, and my various inst-ruments about me rnacty f'or use both nay and nie;ht. lndeert, I consirlernrt rnyselt' better o~f than if I ~ b non a European or Ameri.can ri ve:r-st~a~·ter . In the t'irst p1 ace, as quite a lone, anti there as nobort.y 111hom 1. nand heart except yseJ f. hen the wAathor p;re 1 hot, I simply r1un[': of':f my clothes nnrl jum};Ad etra ght into thA •iver t'rom m~t Horki.nr.;-table, a thinK [ couJrl not of' course do on a river-sten.'ner in Europe . An<"! if' we eamfl to a spot h1ch f'or any reason of'f'oroct an induc~mont to stop, I was f':ree to stay there as long as t chose. r had my MAals serv .d on the tabl ~ere I workfld as often as L wishAd it, anrt SAlctom have l Anjoyed my rood bl3 t te.r than d.u.rine; my J ifo on boarri thn t Tarim fArry- boat . l y bed an~ couch were comrortahlo ao any in u big ctty; aroi there as a aye an abunrtance of' pure water anr! fresh air, t fl latter :frequent y .laden ''tith the aromatin scent of' the poplars. 1lose beside me hung portraits of ttwso •rh o were nflar anri rt.ear to 110. I couJ.r1 .lool~ at them •w•~ry rtay, anrl rnjoicert. in tho thou.::;ht t mt thei.r love an aff'ention uccor.wunierl me throughout t A mhole of' my lon(; ann. sol tary journey . I genfH'ally hart sovAral books lyinr, on my inpruvisert. tab] e, hut t ifas very SAl om I :founrl ti.me to look into ther1; rw0ry minute as takon up ''ri. th worl which 'IOuJ.d brook no ct.o 1 ay. And so deepl ~,r was I interestert. in this work, that .l shoulrt. not have been sorry had mY journey las ted twice as 1 one; . If' I am teru>terl to rlwe l.l rather too minutely on this trip rtovm tne Tarim, I can on1 r urge in extf)nuation that I look back U}>On i 1. ''i th the most unt'eieneii pl ensure; and rho does not 1 ike to 1 i.nger over times anrJ scenes in rhich he has been perfectly appy?" (Hedin, Sven. Centrul sia anrt Tihet, I,R5-R6 . ) I NATURE . I , • 1% "Tlli invicih i l i ty 1 ntrikinP: r ct rintic of ov ~' 11 ring th · n in th :fo!' t . At fi t Atran!Yor o flflr·,nr, no thin, hut a sc nc of d nolat . onf'usion: JJ t r , o ·ever , h 1 e in to dintin-uioh on !'o aneth r nd 1 rna whcro to look or p rti - ular anirn 1. hen h r nde!', ho h ~ould 11 ve 1 1n. ~ the oignn rhich. novr itn)r ~ tllcmoelvcn U!)Ol1 hi "'~' . . l o :cvro!' , thio 1. not lto-ether llara to!'i~tic of th or st a a inila!' result £ollo1o on clo e cquaint nee i th any })lace. her iA ~othAr aspect o this qu~stion , and that in the fa . t that tll 1 . n Jl\ll'"'t h a d oire ·or knowled • Oth~!'Wi ,je thr i'orent is xco':> ·ively tame and dull-- p orha1 G to aiiordinary :30 · ournor '11Ti1oot as lif 1 nc as tho A ric · s rt . For '/' nt o:r l:no ·rledge he seeo nothin , ll,:.arn not ing , and in in linen. to do no thine; l1ut complain of tll 1 onotony d y ftor day . T11ero in nbtfhing to relieve hin rom tho r->nlin., of nnoyancc produced hy th hot, stoamy atmosr,>l1 r and tll ins ct p0.ntn ·rllich .ontin 9:11: orry him . . . • All tll0.s thine;", ho ,, vcr, hal;) to mate the h11sh mont f• scinatin to a n turali t; 11< if" nn 1on~0.r a loo}:er-on t tlH~ sho r, hut an actor in tll T!lidst o · it . At v T'J frc"'h vi. it h fin a nomet lil1.0: !1fl'l-- AOIDOt hin~ to think OJ' \'/hP.l1 }lCl rot Url1"' hom -- AOIDC nrohlem to he inquired into on notll r ex.~arnion . o m-ttnr that he rarely s l"!ceed"' in Q•) lving it-- tlH3 ag r dcoirn '1nd hope keop up the intcront . " (Rod ay, ln t11c nuiun ~or <Jt , 4B- • ) NATURE , 11 Pi til ssness 11 o-r. Even at her orst, nature is not consciously cruel . H r blind orces do not strike in malice . •The exPlosions of the natt~al orld are not dynamite outra es . a (Hamerton, Landsca~e , 20 . ) ~n,~!r ~£.:.-J ~ ~-4 ~ JZ.~' (~t J,J,._i~J /03._) NAT tion. •r lov d Loch A , and do still, most un~ i~s~a~n unrequited a eotion! he eat- tained aters o~ that gloomy ool ould dro~ ith th mo t complete ndi er-enoe. I h ve not even the consolation of Volt ire, 110 could be proud of hi lake and say, 'Mon lao est le p emier!' y lake is not the first, nor is it even the most b a t fUl. Lucerne is incomparably grander, !Jeman fai more spacious and cerulean; but they a:re nothing to me n comparison 1 tl1 the at ere that surround Fraooh lan, and Ardhonnel, and Inishail!u (Hamerton, Landso pe, 23-24.) The unsel iahneas o our a faction for nature. " very man of cult e and intelli n e feel a~ tim s the n ed of a recurr-nc to natur and to primitiv life. The e times re u&~lally abou th 3 Ter solotice or the autumnal equinox. The desire to break .ay from hiR surroundi ~s b comeo irr siotabl h y arno for apace, for oolitul , for ioolation, and he flieG to the forest, th ocean, or th deoert. such a man should dwell in a orld-city or a university town, and these spots ~hould alternate with the waste places of arth; for, though he may find recrea.tion in the ormer, it is in the latter only that lle neeta w1 th re-creation. There io no half'\'Tay houoe bet een the metropolis and the desert for the man of imagination, of ideality nd s-pirituality. He must 11 ve in each: in one to sustain l1is intellectual force by aooociation with rnan and art, in the ot11or to dcepon and make broad hio spiritual life by fello;ship with simple natui·e. The forest, the occs.n, the desert, these are where exhausted Antaeus renevrs his strength at the touch of mother · art11: the sky, the winds, the water , the trees, the roc s, the stars, these are counselors that feelinrrly ~er~uade him hat ho is •••• Simplicity, the f'irr-t of man• s condi tiona when 11e enters life, but which ranes conste.ntly as he advances to his prime, has its 11 faotnc!?ses in the oods, on the waters , and among t.he rocl\.s and sands. ( ~ ~nQuga scott in Atlantic lonthly, 90: 318-(. ep. 02. ) ) "The mystic s ell vthich Vivien wrought for the undoing of !erlin finds ito counterpart von in tl1io dying century which it ia tb.e fashion to regard as a tilnu 1.ore prosaic than any that the old world has loolwd upon. Charms and npells of' many kinds are, if I rnay believe my brown friends, a a 1m.1ch the tl1ingo of every day in the year of grace 1899, as they :ere in the days of Solomon, in lil1e time of ancient Greece and Rome , or in t11e darlcest hours of the !iddle Ages; and .11 v11o have dwelt in the forests, and so living have learned to love the jungle and its free, s~acious life, know that there i on magic, one op-11 that can ltold a man prisoner for all his years, making him as much a captive of the forest, as much a part and parcel of' it, ac :ao Merlin• s self lying in hi c-. deatlt-like oleep amid. t11e wild \toO to that time their tan~, when they are thmnsel ves, is all of' the 1' st c!at>JIJ; anct after that 1 t is all of the next one. Ineirlen tall l' they J)rate in ~ourts of' 1 a 'I, or oure or kill , OJ.' hl'llll to make nm·rs1>apP.rs, or practice other means o"f getting n living, and. they date their lettors by tho Julian calenctar; but tho chio:f object in · lif'o is to get to camp. It is as nP-ar as ''e can cone, I mtm)ose to the eartien of En en, and perhaps that ao0ou 1 ts :for 1 t. A clam ' ann Eve vcre nl vmys sorry they eve~· broke Ccllilll- anti thn 'lholo raCF> af'ter than. " (R.R.Bo"tk_e2: in Appleton's Sturu!leT.' Book ,1880, p.95.) ILDERNESS, Cha:rms o~- Dod.11y StrBngth and Comfort. The perfection o:r physical existence ••• in-~a ing t11e li~e of the ocean, the earth, and the sun. Jefferies,so. The joys of per ect digestion and dreamless sleep - placid and contented mind. Schreiner,45. The happiness of be~ng a boy again. ~ ltzt~ ~ ~ uThe wild, free woods ma~e no man halt nor blind." Lowell,92. "No enemy but inter and rough weather.• Shakespeare,9a. In spite of' his frequent expoSl.l:re to wet and cold, the wilderness habitant does not catoh cold. He is immune from pneumonia, consumption, and bronchitis. ~ 7 1 11~4- ~rr~--~-" t .J?f.IJ (~ ~ .,.;.lJ::. ~) ~--- l1I, ~ -IV: .,J-_ 111 ( SS , Charms of- Closeness to l ture . e till at ong in man he is City eople are out of tune ith Nature . The hunter and savage poe eas it . hey reoognize every plant, every nimal ' s traok, every ohange in the atmosphere, and kno ita significance at a glance . ( o th the hole wild w~rld is home . ) Schreiner, 43 , 44, and esp .47 . WIL RNESS, Charms of- Conti at d ith Cultiv te Landscape. • gland! Thy beauties are tame and dom tic To one ho has ro ed. o 'e:r t11e mountains afar! • Byron. "These shadowy, desert, unfrequ nt d oods, I better brook than lo ishing p opled towns." (Valentine in Two Gentlemen or verona,V,4,2.) John Blirroughs in his essay on •Nature in gland u ( 'resh Fields, 8,9,29-31, and see 39-40) dwells upon the attractions of' a cU1tivat d landscape. Per contra, the fences smeared ith tar and ~ease to spot trespassers { 14 ), the arning notices -~BI.S'Dltl&' ( 11keep of'f' the grass 11 ), the keepers, the ense of oblig tion to John Smith instead of to God. verything is stall-fed. AJ.l is swept and gaa~shed. (40-42, 44, 47-48). No camp-fire (46). The lover or high artificial finish feels out of' place in a .ild landscape, and deprived of his usual comforts. But the lover of' Tiildness feels confined amongst the evidences of civilization. (Hamerton, Landscape, iv.) The contrast strikin~ly shown in comparison of BY on and Cowper. (Hamerton, Landscape, 33,34, 73.) Nature uncursed by man' pollution, but fresh f:rom the hands of' God. springer,94. thT'dA- (!". ~-~-, t'J ~ Jt7 't ~ ~ 1 ~-A."~ aJ~. "(P~fadiiiu.~' ~ ~, ~---~i-~1 ~Jk~ ~ 1Jtz-A.~,, (If~, ~'117.!:) ''}/-~ ~">«' kM;;fc~ ""~t 4+~, ~-#~k~ A-~ ~ ~ r~ ~ .,._~, ~a. .-.Je ~ '~ ~ ~ t~. ~ e-~/ .u-ez-~1-~ a-t t' ~ ~ ~ ~ AAL-~ ~rf ~ ~· 11 (~t J76) ~ ~Jt;;;;.M~- -~ ~salli:k.'L (~,.37J>J a -fJ,/_ ~?. ~ · ~ ~ ,:.v ~ ._l .:-~ 'f 4-~ b-k.r ~ /r/tr~ f ~ft4.J::-.:JJ, ~,. uno . , • !;:1 a I e.!;;;,.{-.;._~ ~j;(. ~ tw_ ~*L . t-4<::-~ 4-.;tr~ ~ f 7ft ~fd ~ 1 nu4- _,/. ~ ~· J() Historic mory. Revive oo1 tiona th t belong the memory o the human race. Hamerton,24. HU on,a2,aa. ~-=-=-'87. "SUthin' t e us." Robin on,77. Pleasure of' direct oont ct th ld nature. HUdaon,82-86. /I ILDERNESS, Charms of - !ystery, Fairy Land. Phill Olley, 1. ILD or c~ •SS, Charm o - D light in Vigorou A hiev ~· nt. or ld. th hardihood, s d amenity 1 • Athletic oldi r and. gain t b o ound of rookY d files; n on un U1 ting 1 wn • J strong n tures revel in •Alps, io berg , and volo nio eruptions ~ Pity the poor soUl ho n ver s sea, or a primeval ood. ~ mol.Ult in, d ert, the ountaineer ng develops courage, coolness, strength and activity. "These are flo era of' manly oharaoter which never yet grel'Y in the atmosphere of' a afe and quiet life." Hamerton, Landscape,l78. (Quotes i'hymper 's eUlogy of mountaineering, 179. ) The agle cannot d ell on an orchard bough; the rong-buok dies in a no d par • H.K. Joy of the chas • Test of manline Phillipp - oll y,sl. light in vigorou achi v nt. • illiams,9 • I lov the un1 ov d orks o God. (Anderson.) t i note orthY that tho e ci iliz d r c i th whom vigorous eld- port ar most po Ul r ar to-day tl dominant races of' the eart11. The Old Man in us. Hudson, 84- , 7. Fierce joys of ~eril by land and sea. Spice of lif' • Parlcrnan, 78. Pleasure o reaction f"ro iciasi tudes. Barlcer, 52-65. Joys of daring , quickness, certitude. Hudson,sa. ~ 1-~ ~· 4«- ~.p.-2. . WILDER ss, Charms of- Elbo -room. Boone's unwillingness to live among men who were shackled in their habits. His 1ove of seclusion and solitude. Baily,se. Biamarok,,O. James arrod. Bancroft,4o. !he Boers. Bl7oe,41. Sohreiner,41. John Colter. Lewis & Clarke,67. Texans. illiams,97. Killbuck's •narn the settlements!" Ruxton,56. "There is room.• Joaquin Yiller,79. IJ ILDERNESS, Charms of- Solitude • ••• uWhere we are least alone." Byron, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52. Roosevelt, 77. Parkman, 78. Solitude o nters a man upon himself, and tire his oUl to its profoundest depths. It is a f ot that the most spiritual religions have been rev led in the *ilderness. Reelus,aa. •unlike white man, the Indian neve feels so safe as hen entirely alone. The sense of insecurity, the fear of surprise whicll haunts ar-party in an enemy • a country, is not entertained by the solitary anderer. He has no fears for his rear, t'or he knows how tedious nd dif"fioUlt is the rocess of working out the trail of a single man or horse. In advancing, he relies upon his own sagacity and caution, and the immense advantage he has over his enemies in expecti nd watohing for them, while they are not exPecting or atohing for ~. He seldom makes a fire, never sleeps near one. If he sees 'sign' of th enemy, h hides himself in some plaoe from which he c atch. If the enemy g ts sight of him, he doubles and hides n rocks and thicket , foroing his J)Ursuers to hunt him by the slow ~rooess of trailing. rn this ay he rotr eta the pursuit unt 1 dar~, and, under its iendly cover, places as much distanc as possible b t en himsel nd the dangerou neighborhood." Dodg , Our ild Indians,558, 564. (Instances of ~one solitary journeys by Indians.- Dodge,op.oit., 55~-555. Travels of' Black Beaver,in Marcy, Prairie traveler,l23-4. Hidatsa arriors in Matthews, Ethnology and philology of' the Hidatsa, eo. Dela es in Roosev lt, rest, I,7e.) ., .v. I SOLITUDE. •Alone, alone, all, all alone, Alone on a wide, wide aea." (Coladidge, Ancient Mariner, pt.iv.) "I am monarch of" nll I survey, My right there is none to diRpute, From the centre all round to the sea, I run lord of the fowl and t11e brute. u (Cowper, Alex. Selkirk.) "0 'Solitude! if" I must with thee dwell, Let it not be among the jumbled heap Of murky buildings: climb with me the steep,-Nature• s observatory--whence the dell, In flowery slopes, ita ·river's crystal swell, May seem a span; let me thy vigilA keep 'Mongst boughs pavilion'd, where the deer's swift leap Startles the wild bee from the foxglove bell," (Keats, Sonnet.- "0 Solitude~") lit . "Solitude is as needful to the imagination as f-lociety is ·tholesome forth character." (Lowell, Among my Books. Dryden.) "Whosoever is delighted in solitude is either a ild benet or a god." (Plato, Protagoras, 1,337.) "In soli tude, when we arw .least alone. 11 (Byron; so also Isaac Disraeli, Drummond, Gibbon, Milton, Sam'l Rogers, Young, all from Cicero, De Officiis, hk.III, ch.l.- "He is never less at lel.sure than when at leisure, nor less alone than when he is alone.") "'Tis not for golden eloquence I pray, A godlike tongue to move a stony heart-Methinks it were full well to be apart In solitary uplands far away, Betwixt the blossoms of a rosy spray, Dreaming upon the v1onderful sweet face Of Nature, in a wild and pathless place." (Frederick Tennyson. Sonnet.) SADNESS 0 lOL YS ~ H ~ I > ll ILDERNESS, Charms of - Freedom. "The serf of his own past is not a man . a asnatch back the rudder of his undismantled fate . " Lowell,91 . The Gipsy . Pennell,l7 . Freedom of movement . Freedom from competition, debt , worry, nerve-racking days and sleepless nights . Schreiner,46 . Freedom from conventions . "He woUld not yield dominion of hi mind . u ayron , 49 . Trek of the Boers is a search for a land where every man shall enjoy absolute freedom, and shall re1gh by divine right over a territory absolutely his ovm . Schreiner, 42, and esp . 47-48 . uAnd I ~111 get me to some far-off land. " Geo .Eliot , 68 . Reckless independence, haughty self-reliance, sense of irresponsible freedom . Parkman, 78 . Ruxton, 79 . oswell , ao . Butler,Bl . Somerset,al . Baily , aa-ae . Wella,eo . Lowell,90 . Springer, 94 . 11Here man is lord, not d.r'Udge . 11 Lowell,02 . "~ 1'"-01.£ CMA.- no ~ ~- 1W ~ i-~-~." eedily anish, have n ~1 .eting h01>e that the trip 'fill enrt sooner than exi>ected; hut no automobile rill brenk ciown under him; no bicycle tiro will col apAe nd .av h~n on a nasty stretch o:f burning sand.; no railroad t.ruin ill jump th track; no steanship ill snash hAr sha:ft. re 1R the ~reest na1 on the globe, because he rte1>ends ~or locorwtion on no on hut himself'." ( W.~.Har~'OOO. in Outing, SeJ). ,.l902.) '10--k~-~· ~+·-· I Charms of - Seouri ty . uThe helter of a ook¥ •• a:rkham, l '7 . I Fare ell to Civil zat on . I· rotc ~;;:ss, not as one lee n or h1 1 g, but that I r:m. re 117:2,, mature age , dream of youth . hei~"~ , in the . 1 . o , . r'hr:!' ,1 ind e e , cleanl ness,\ he 1 tl1 of body and mind . r I can live the natural li e, unfettered nd unin-debted . er~ duty taelf' ia liant to any breath o ncy that may stir t1e ds and oli·ge of hought . Ran.,e, t rn . orth Am r hicfly north of the u. s . , nd nortl test to Al al< ao t 1 or c o th hi~hr>r !' n co to G orgi • 'le t . 1, ar e r tl1an the American R ven (_ . corax f31nuatua) or the r 1 id in A})ril or y , 4-7 , p 1 ~r eni h ·rhi t , llotched it h um er 9Jld d r l • 1 ot nearly so a1 nds:mt . the ~st~rn orm, and v ~ rar~ ri thin the • . A fc yJair till hroed on sor of the rocky iolano·; o 'f tho co <Jt or ! in : more off NC'lt run ·rick and r ''1'7 ·oundland, nd they ar quite cor .on o the clitf:o cf r,al)r=J.dor and Ala }:a. at on lcd-g s of lligh , inaccessible oliffo , or tho to}J of tall trAes , malc.in l ar ,o ne<Jt of !3t1 ks lined ·;i th ,r n.llcr onen and hair or '\"TOOl . (Reed C. A. forth ArH"!rican ir n' Fogo .• Y., nouhled y , l904 . ) One or the fCV7 ird . that r rains t11roughout tho ·rintnr on the shorc'1 of t w Arctic oc 9.11. Nest arc used :-;evPral y "aro in succcsnion if not dint ur11 d . T,ene;th al out 25": 'tin 17": l'~ird. Can he domo.,.ticat d . Dogo that cv n =1 fox rill not oat it . their baits rrith 1 n ':li ht and ed 1 t h c~t rychnin • t illO" . A varioty of tllC urop an •rill not annoy it . Fl Alll so rank A nuis.!11CC to +.rappers , f'olloiTing cmarkaf'lle nn._, n.ci ty . Sonoti:nen poioon . variou c· 11-notos, one of them like tlla.t or th ,anada oonc, and not her , .ry liquid fl.nd music 1. Vr>ry intolli cnt . Attracted curiounly hy littQring ohjc . ts for ·rhich it hao no un . Harpies: f c-d on ~"Plr ion and g'lrhao;o; d nir· hl cavongers . omnivorous , onak ,, , li7, nrds, p , and (rarely) rain. •1xcen i v ly ary . · ._-.~ Found only in mountain ranges, on ho d nnd pr<"'cipitoun cli:f a, or amon, •rild q,nd lonoly iol nds. G ncr lly inpoosihlc to Phoot them; no 7ild in ncme lo~ ali tico tJ1at 1 t is alnont inpossihl cv n to ol tain sight of th m. Accused of f"lating yo1m chicl~ .ns . nd. lar::ths, or of pf>~king the r:!Y s out of thP latter. Shy , oan;acious and vigilant . Cro·vn ""'roid them, and th t '!O arf\ ncv r se n to,_, th~r: ut ravens B m to be on <'YOOd t~"'rrns vith buzzardrJ and ha·l:• . ( B13.i rd, Dr0''tCr & Ri~.r. o-rth 1\:m.cr . Bi 't'ds . I I. ) "Proha1)ly the most highly dev e loped of all hirds. Quic1r:-sightocl) sagacious, and hold . . • • Ita no •r notorious character for attack1ng and :;Jut tin~ to de11th a '' akly mirnal. . .• The rev renee 'Ti th vrhich it 1an once regarded has all but vanished, and hlls 'been vPry O'cnerally succeeded by pcr'3 .cut ion . so that it in thr atened ·;i th extinction , save in t 1,., 11ilde""t and most unpeo:!)led districts . " ( ~C\ ton , ictionary of Birds . London. ) "Usual not a hoarse, rolling cr-r-r-cruck. " ( Cha"Dman. ) "Ordinary call (of the American raven of tho far ''C'1t) is a loud craack-craa~k. or a d Cl) grtmting ko rr-!:oerr . " ( he lock . ) "I must cones that I often ha o diffictlty in dintinguinhing raven i'rot oro 1s. F. cry one must av no tic d ho., the ll])par nt size of a crow ,. ill v a.ry under diff rent conditions of the atr:1os . hero; it is tho C"anc i th the r1:1v n . At tines h lool:s as big as an eaelc: at other"' cl'}arcflly larger than 13. fi sh-~ro'l. . .• True, ho "l3.ilf' more t h~n do s !3. cro r, and t ere is nmnetl1ing )Cc uliar in hie ring strokes, but th di.r · cnc iR not 13.l7a. s ppreciahle. " ( Brevr t.,_!. ) nIt is })O si le thllt tl1in sul -s} cies (the 1 ov ) brcedo ti tl1in the rr . s. , ~lthough I find no aut antic re~ord of its doing !JO . '' ( nuzrno r_e , Bird on s . ) r, in Bradforu Torrey, the Tri t r of hal1' :1 ( ozen 1 oo :s on American birdo, s cnt t·1o or thre ,7,.ek<J of H'ly,lA~6, in and around Highlando, li. C., ~"'Xpronr;ly in quent of r'lv ns; that in to· flY, he ·rinhcd to see, and 11 ar, and at udy them in their haw1to. He hW1tcd afl:>iduously for ravena, and he dr amed ahout them; but to no av il. Some of the n ti :> claimed that thoro ver rSl.vcns in the "icinity, and others avin., v r o en any. Pinally, on tho da' that ho left High]. ndo by ~t 3.g , ho ~ u~ t a o-linp. of 'Thflt 11e and the driv r oth took to he a raven. "r put the r ,en int() my notehoot.," nayo he. 11 For the day it ~ pt it place W1queationed. Th n, lonp; before I roached as9a~h1.l ct t s, pun~tuated t11 ()ntry vi th qu ntion l arl:. The bird had heen silent; ito 1)))Slrent ni?.e Inin;ht llav hecn an •IIIIIIIOi:EJ-. illuf'ion; and my a suran~c of th moment, alH3olute though it m. , '-rould not ear th tPnt of time and cold hlood. Here ended my rav n-hunt. I had enjoyed it, and ould gladly have made it lon . r, -- in that o pf'~t it had heen u~cc sf'ul; but the 'collection 1 I ., an to have mad , ray little to-. c of (first-hand kno vled c 1 , had fared hut :poorly. An f• r Jl ravens ore cone rned, I ·ras hrineing homr-> a lo n bag,-- a brae of int('!\rrogation pointo." ( Torre_y, 'orld of' ,reen liills. ) The raven ·ras th :first aninal lil mrat .d. from tho arl:. "The raven han tho ro])Utation, tru or f'alne, o.r 11eing one or the long ·st-livod irds; ccrtj:_linly it i~ one of the h3.rdi nt, and capable of adaptine itoelf to tl1e ,r ateot extrcr:1 ., of t m. . r3.turc. Its range in th northern h mi'3!)' ere P-xt .nds from the roeions of 1 thick-ribbed i~e • to tho d3lil.p, hot voods and h 1rning co ant,. of outhC'rn fiC'(ico and C ntral America. :b'onrt rly it .,a., 8. fairly c:ornnon hi rd in all parts of' our islmd. . • A pair of ra'fmw, secl)Ohm . ays, '"las often considel'ed the pride and ])c~t of the pariflh. 1 But the sentiment, if it ~xistod, Ya" not ntrone enough, and the constant perse::ution of 'th hi rd . has ~radllal ly dri von it from all, or rroll-nii?Jh all, ·ito ancient inland haW1to, and it nov exists in its l!lst ntrong l')lt'is, the rugged iron-ho md s-a-coast on the northern ~ast<J of Scotland and the n ·igllborin iRlands. A .f(m -- a very fe y"pairs are sti 11 to be met 7i tll on somo of the "'liffs on the south and aouth- est co'lsts of ~ngland, and on the elsh coast; but evcn":i:.he rudoat md most solitary lo~ali tins inllahi tc:!d hy it tho hirn./'can k~e:p its hold on life only by m ans of a 7arine'3s and nagacity exceeding that of most other Tild anri p r"c~uted sp~=>ci s. T.il:O most of th mem er o its family, the raven is omniv"r-ous, feeding indincrinin9.tely on o-ruhs, 'forms, insects, grain, fruit, carrion, and animal food of Sill t~inds. Being o much bi g r and n of eo a, for .a; art r rc l.id in Fe ru ry High phy.,ical and mAntal nt. Po1oro of imitation. Curiouoly alt rnatine; oci 111 ty nd hyn . nroll rieo and delicious apti tud , rhen dor stioat d, for W1 and mi chi :e. 11 An a pet, no hi r 1 t think is hi qu 1, rhethP.r 1 look at his intense socia ili ty, his queer crcti vcmeos 1 hi po ern of mimicry, his ine ha.u tibl stor of fW1 nd mi ~chi f. vou have n or got to the 1 ttom of him. IO i 1 a: "' 1 rning om tl in~ rros 1. No bird has a ror l~)orat dov loum nt of th vocal ore;ano, and no bird, not en a parrot, mak more uoe of tl1 m. H 'fill catch up any sourn llich tako his f·mc , fro hi n name alph, or Grip, or Jacob, t short sentence, nd the latt r he 1ill practise, 'lith onl · a :e 1 'flash of silence', by t11c hour together. His voice is so human that it i often mista·en i""or a man's .•. Of cou s , a tame raven is an arr'll1t thief 1 and if you let him loose you must expect to pay f'or your amusement. 11 An inp of mischief, 1 ~din~ the pigeon"' and ducks and hens a oad life. Has prirate st rcfJ very her • ·hen e puts on a. particularly nonchalant air, you Lay be quite oure he has stolen sometllin._. ho"T,. in i ht and cant pt • or int .11 ctual i a.:nc<J , molestin the oinpl -mindA • Rei:> ats a phrs , as ',om on', in hslf d 7.en differ nt tones, "no ·1 in a corr.mandin , no · in a h ctoring, no in a p r ua. i tone, and, now· again, in tho mo t confidential of' ·rhi Jere. ' Loves to call forth a peal of' :'lU hter, slthou.,.h h cannot la h hin lf. " 0' ~ rav ns, long b fore th y 1 ave tll n st, are, exc~Dt in st!'Cn tll of 1 and '"lin~, co plet ly drwelop d, oth in color and form . It is on this early maturit~r of t11o rav n, ao ·ell as on hio hi h :phJ"'ical ~'"'ld intcll tual dAVClO})l nnt, that Professor N ton r li s, hen h plao him t th top ot th ornithologio tr • Bigg r, stron r, bold r, mo ary, olevere~, ~ amusin , mor voraoious, and by tar rareri than t or , o any o~her or kind •Shy snd sly. Highly symm tri a in :rom· in bearing, gaY , digni• fied, and s dat • "NO on ou d U9!JOO th fun, the perennial :t\mcl of humor, oonsoioua or un onsoiou -- oh1 fly, I am oonvinood, th former-~ hieh lies behind.• His walk is tatelf and deli erate. rying into every nook and oorner. Ey s xcept1o ly 'h ght, ut or small eiz , aark gr~ or. • In oertain ligh tho p 1nted f tHere or the n ck s em hot h pur:ple: otherwise he is blaok all over, feathers, lego, ola , to e, bebk, and, strQnge to ay, even the insid of hia mouth, and hie tongue itselt ar hlaok. Olos , brilliant bl~ck; sable hue; sooty blaoknea • Klb1n a h e be n f und. Solemn oroak. sonorous rJri • •His Ott() 1 on t the most awo-iner.>iring and sepulohrul sounds in n tu e. • Cl1riously varied intonfltions of' his deep-voio ~ throat R s roilk, h:ts gru.Rt, hi b k, hia ohuokle. Low gdrgling not of aon gal endearment. Fond of hettirtg his b~ax against branches. "His di tary ranges f m a worm to a hale. Grubs, inseois. sometimes berries, fruits, and grain: nakeA, tro a, mol : pas ionately f6nd of' :rate: birds' ggs: rabbits a leve t • ill attaok ithOut scru!)l a newly-born loon , ot' n a heep hat h'ls een 'cast '. "He goes straight at the oy , wa oh one lo o~ h n powerful beak will destroy•. But what h lov B most t 11 1s carrion. •when raven discovers a doad sheep h al ays ri st a11g ts at a oonsidera le distanoe ~rom it, looks oarefully around, and utters a low croak. He then advance nea r, in his que r sidelong fashion, eyes his prey wistfully, and then, pluoking ~ hi ourage, leap ~on ~ and makes a closer examination. Disoov ring no oaus or lar.m-- no suspicion, that is, or a trap or poison-- h g1 es a loUder oroak, peoks out an eye and part or the tongue, and devour them. By this tine anotn r raven, and anothor, and anothe~ will hav arrived, when they di~ out together the intestineR and oontinuo to feed on the caroase till they are sated or diaturbed.• A very solitary bird. " ill tolerate no rival, not even his own offspring, in the neighboro~od of his ancestral thron .• Onl ~xccption is when there is a great feast b~ carrion, plenty for all. A sb~llfish too hard for bis ill to craok, b ill oarry hi~h in air and droJ) upon the rock.s. The raven's eyrie. His bill io a for.midabl eapon. Oan kill a rat at a blo , and crush its head into pulp wt o e PJque z rm drive its beak -right through the spines or a hedg ho and doal it a death-blow. "If you oan manage to ev~e his watchful eye, and enter the wood unobserved, you can sometimes lie down quite still, in s1~t of' the nest, and ee 1111 that is going on." ( atoh their avenin~ flight-it is to the nQet.) •Tbe raven alwa~s p~ire for lire, and the strertgt ot affection, the fidelity, the dignity whi h his i~lies seem to me o raise him indefinitely, as it does the owls, a~ove birda hi~h congregat in flo~ks, and eo abjure f.mily ties and dutie through a great part of' the year. still more do~s he r.1se above birds ni~h choose a now mate i th each new lo,te season,. or hioh, like th da1nt11 F.JtOJ>ping cock-pheasant or the w~nton mall~rd, are polygamous by nature, and summon with a lordlY ~. or cluck, r quack, no one and now another of their hum l~looking ives or drudges, to their presenoe." Probahly liven to a crreat age, for a hi rd. "One of itA most touohing characterietios (is) its intense herditary attachment to the gpot, a p~rtioular cliff, a particular grove, a particular tree, where its anocstors, here itaalt,'~he!"e its yo~ have been born and hr d." ~ A bird of evil omea or ill repute in many n1:irtn of Europe; but in Scandinavia he is 11the saored bird of Odin, his ppy, his mes-senger, his pioneer, his minister .f::.o:;.;r;;.:.:.a:::r:~,!.-,;.1:::i.l::.l:=--i=:.n:.:~o~n~e~• --- . "Hi conn ction ·11th 1 an uO" • c: t thA n d1 nt tra-di tit)l1"' of' th r ce. He :>1 ys h ri ,ti rt o 1 thn - 1 o ird-- Imbri ur 1.1 vina irnrninont \7ho aid not al :ay . do ~hat he o ht to o, in rlie t r -JoTd. of th moct nac!'c and re or-hle book in th vorld, th Btll. In lat r record or the s ne )ook, h !>1 !1 . art ''lhic 1. u lly h'irO."~t~=>ri ti~ in he car cr of th • '!'O))hct F.lijah. He wa. pl ClJd at tl 110 d of the i s of omcm, the 'oscin "''( o cano ), a they ro call d; hirdo , th t i , . :hich by thci r ~ i !'d and ~t rt lin, . :rie'J !)O c .s . tl uriou n.nd 1wiahl privil ge of -pr scril>in, very dotqi 1 o tho ~)U lie anri noci 1 li e-- commandinn; this or OT11idding that-- or the ncvr>r ly JJrllctic 1 · lei nt Homana. He ·1a t 10 sacr d hir of the s l:PT ne divinity of all the rroutonic and Scandinavian ract>n, our 0"7n qnr::c<Jtor , of' ournn, mnong tlH'm. He 71ln t.1c travelling cor panion, som tinPn in .:> r ,on, al·p1yn in ·!Ti .', of the hardy or man, •rh r v r tll ·1indo ld arry !lin ad" nturouo barl~. . . A bird rho literary hi''toi;r heo-inn .ith nollh ~nd .:lij h, and 7ho ave hin nru o to t11e Uidiani t chi ftqin orcb; rhon . nv0ry action and cry as ol)S rved and. noted do ·m, li}:e hy the descPnd ntn of Romulus and the ancPstors of ~olf th Ganger; ·rho occurn in r>.vf"ry nccond -play of Sl akC'npoaro; rho f\.> s the sur j oct o · on o1' the most n zy po ns o.f r.:dgar Allen roe, and rnlivon th0 pae n of the Roderick Random of Small tt, o.f tho Rook·-rood of Ain •rortl , or t hP. Barnahy lud e or D~cl:cns, is a 1 ird 7h nc hictoric:J.l nrl literary p!' -Pm1n<mC iro cl.'l'lrJ.j;proaCh d. 11 "'l'h0 rav n is a nearly co'1mopoli tan as !111! hird ~an 011 'he. . . . •rhi \. he is n t .found. in outll Am rica, a11d )ontr 1 and South Africa, in Austr: J.lin, in lie 1 Zf'aland, or in Polyn ia., he in fo1md r at intorv l J over the •thole of ortll Arneri~l3., over tho 'Tlc.> lf" or 1-:uroy)A, ov"r tll no th of Africa, and over rno than thrr·o-fourth of Ania. H' pon tr t s as :far northv llrd as 1 nd i tn lf a. p arn to Atr tch-- ·mll, that is, into th Polar circle-- here 11e czas J•O'>itiv "l~r to rcwfll in itH G:<:trer o cold •.•. on tho mainland of Scot land wd [reland, in spi to of inc s nt ~)C':\rsocution, the rav n maintains a !)r carious .xic;t nee amongst th ·1ild c r for nts and the grand r of' th r.tountain p 1<. . In 1Gngl9.!1n, thoq. h he h'3. "aniched, or io vani'"'rling fast fror thf'lo midland districts, hA '1till l)r d'1 on many o.f the rifled rocko and th prcc~y)i tous hcadlandn ·;hi ell .ark its coantlinc. 11 Thf' young arc captur d h,r era smen for the }?rico t 1 y fetch ( 10- 15 sh.) o 1ing to their unique attraction '3. '1 :p~"ts, so that a hroo is rarely rcare in safnty. ( H. BOf:fi'TOrth Smith, in -Ni-ne-t -- "Of in<;:pireri l1irds, rJlv nn '/ rn atJ "ountcd (in st.Kilda) th r o"'t prophetical. Ac~ord.ingly, in the l~ng 1ao; of th11t di'Jtrict, to havn tho foreoight of a rav n, is to this day a provcrhial 0"<Prf"nr;ion, dPnoting a prcternatu:-al sa a~i ty in predictintr _ ortui tou~ events." ( ~ acau.lay, K. Hi ntory of' St. Kild.a. )
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